1 00:00:07,369 --> 00:00:04,730 hello and welcome to living off earth 2 00:00:09,950 --> 00:00:07,379 NASA's reflection on Skylab America's 3 00:00:12,259 --> 00:00:09,960 first space station and 40 years of us 4 00:00:13,970 --> 00:00:12,269 long-duration spaceflight I'm Lauren 5 00:00:17,390 --> 00:00:13,980 Worley and I'm your host for today's 6 00:00:19,310 --> 00:00:17,400 lively discussion years before Neil 7 00:00:21,349 --> 00:00:19,320 Armstrong's place one foot on the moon 8 00:00:23,410 --> 00:00:21,359 plans were already in the works for a 9 00:00:27,650 --> 00:00:23,420 long-term habitat in space 10 00:00:29,720 --> 00:00:27,660 Skylab rocketed to orbit in 1973 and the 11 00:00:33,860 --> 00:00:29,730 nine men who comprised the three crews 12 00:00:35,900 --> 00:00:33,870 that that went to space pioneered life 13 00:00:38,959 --> 00:00:35,910 and microgravity performing over 300 14 00:00:41,750 --> 00:00:38,969 experiments during their 171 collective 15 00:00:43,850 --> 00:00:41,760 days in space and all along the way they 16 00:00:46,549 --> 00:00:43,860 broke records not only for long-duration 17 00:00:47,540 --> 00:00:46,559 spaceflight but also for advancements in 18 00:00:50,090 --> 00:00:47,550 scientific and technological 19 00:00:52,819 --> 00:00:50,100 achievements we're joined today by two 20 00:00:55,069 --> 00:00:52,829 of those legendary astronauts astronaut 21 00:00:58,310 --> 00:00:55,079 Owen Garriott who was the science pilot 22 00:01:00,619 --> 00:00:58,320 onboard Skylab 3 and Jerry Carr who had 23 00:01:03,439 --> 00:01:00,629 commanded Skylab for mission we're also 24 00:01:05,509 --> 00:01:03,449 joined by Kevin Ford who's commander of 25 00:01:08,330 --> 00:01:05,519 expedition 34 to the International Space 26 00:01:09,950 --> 00:01:08,340 Station and we have with us two guys who 27 00:01:11,390 --> 00:01:09,960 are working here on the ground but are 28 00:01:13,310 --> 00:01:11,400 helping us get to space everyday 29 00:01:16,249 --> 00:01:13,320 Marshall Porterfield who's the director 30 00:01:18,890 --> 00:01:16,259 of space life and physical sciences here 31 00:01:20,990 --> 00:01:18,900 at NASA headquarters and Jason Cruzan 32 00:01:23,690 --> 00:01:21,000 director of advanced exploration systems 33 00:01:24,830 --> 00:01:23,700 also here at NASA we're gonna get to the 34 00:01:26,240 --> 00:01:24,840 questions of you guys here in the 35 00:01:28,249 --> 00:01:26,250 audience and those folks in our online 36 00:01:30,620 --> 00:01:28,259 community but before we do that we've 37 00:01:37,609 --> 00:01:30,630 got a quick video all about Skylab so 38 00:01:40,010 --> 00:01:37,619 let's let's go to the video Skylab 39 00:01:42,020 --> 00:01:40,020 starts in the dreams of the people who 40 00:01:44,030 --> 00:01:42,030 wanted to go into space for a long time 41 00:01:45,590 --> 00:01:44,040 really in the 20th century we saw people 42 00:01:47,480 --> 00:01:45,600 who were thinking about how do we get 43 00:01:50,780 --> 00:01:47,490 humanity off the planet Earth and into 44 00:01:52,120 --> 00:01:50,790 space there was a vision a long-term 45 00:01:54,730 --> 00:01:52,130 vision humans 46 00:01:56,950 --> 00:01:54,740 of exploring and going beyond higher 47 00:01:58,569 --> 00:01:56,960 farther faster there was a technical 48 00:02:01,810 --> 00:01:58,579 challenge there was the scientific 49 00:02:03,730 --> 00:02:01,820 interest there was the adventure and 50 00:02:06,990 --> 00:02:03,740 there was just simply the demonstration 51 00:02:10,630 --> 00:02:07,000 of managerial and organizational and 52 00:02:12,280 --> 00:02:10,640 industrial economic competence in a 53 00:02:14,949 --> 00:02:12,290 world that was contested 54 00:02:16,420 --> 00:02:14,959 so that was spiraling throughout the 55 00:02:18,759 --> 00:02:16,430 1960's they looked at a number of 56 00:02:21,009 --> 00:02:18,769 different ways in which you could take 57 00:02:25,360 --> 00:02:21,019 the Apollo materials look tickley saturn 58 00:02:27,460 --> 00:02:25,370 v and the apollo spacecraft and do space 59 00:02:30,309 --> 00:02:27,470 station like things with them so by the 60 00:02:31,920 --> 00:02:30,319 end of 1960s 1969 after the successes on 61 00:02:35,380 --> 00:02:31,930 the landing moon the attention turns to 62 00:02:38,259 --> 00:02:35,390 the space station program and Skylab is 63 00:02:40,390 --> 00:02:38,269 really born there being the program for 64 00:02:42,699 --> 00:02:40,400 human spaceflight during the early 1970s 65 00:02:44,979 --> 00:02:42,709 and to build our basis for experience 66 00:02:47,680 --> 00:02:44,989 and to address those important questions 67 00:02:49,930 --> 00:02:47,690 that we had which were could humans 68 00:02:53,229 --> 00:02:49,940 physiologically adapt to long periods of 69 00:02:56,800 --> 00:02:53,239 space early 1973 we ever did launch 70 00:02:58,360 --> 00:02:56,810 Skylab the Skylab Saturn 5 is sitting on 71 00:03:00,610 --> 00:02:58,370 one launch pad that the two blunts pads 72 00:03:02,080 --> 00:03:00,620 we have in the Apollo program Skylab is 73 00:03:04,360 --> 00:03:02,090 sitting on one launch pad just a little 74 00:03:06,460 --> 00:03:04,370 ways away on the other loss pad is this 75 00:03:07,539 --> 00:03:06,470 Saturn one vehicle with the command and 76 00:03:09,819 --> 00:03:07,549 service module because Scott I have 77 00:03:11,500 --> 00:03:09,829 launches one day and the vehicle with 78 00:03:19,980 --> 00:03:11,510 the first clue I was supposed to launch 79 00:03:26,420 --> 00:03:23,170 flipping off the pad now movie 80 00:03:29,480 --> 00:03:26,430 unfortunately when Skylab the laboratory 81 00:03:30,800 --> 00:03:29,490 goes up the micrometeoroids shield that 82 00:03:32,480 --> 00:03:30,810 was on it that also provided heat 83 00:03:34,460 --> 00:03:32,490 protection for the vehicle our rolls 84 00:03:36,320 --> 00:03:34,470 back jams into the solar arrays that 85 00:03:37,340 --> 00:03:36,330 there are two big five kilowatt each 86 00:03:39,290 --> 00:03:37,350 solar arrays that were supposed to 87 00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:39,300 deploy Skylab gets an orbit it's 88 00:03:44,780 --> 00:03:41,730 crippled and we're in big trouble 89 00:03:46,520 --> 00:03:44,790 because God needs that energy from those 90 00:03:48,920 --> 00:03:46,530 big solar arrays to operating for the 91 00:03:51,260 --> 00:03:48,930 mission to be successful and in ten days 92 00:03:54,260 --> 00:03:51,270 they quickly come up with a plan and 93 00:03:57,140 --> 00:03:54,270 people sew together a parasol sunshade 94 00:03:58,400 --> 00:03:57,150 that they can erect outside this station 95 00:04:00,560 --> 00:03:58,410 they came up with some equipment that 96 00:04:03,230 --> 00:04:00,570 the crews could use to try and unstick 97 00:04:05,210 --> 00:04:03,240 the giant solar array that was stuck and 98 00:04:07,400 --> 00:04:05,220 Pete Conrad and his crew this the first 99 00:04:10,490 --> 00:04:07,410 scallop crudo launched ten days later 100 00:04:12,500 --> 00:04:10,500 and save the entire program you have two 101 00:04:15,199 --> 00:04:12,510 and a half million dollar program would 102 00:04:16,370 --> 00:04:15,209 have gone down the drain if the crew 103 00:04:25,240 --> 00:04:16,380 hadn't gone up there and saved the 104 00:04:29,300 --> 00:04:27,650 story of the launch of the guy lab 105 00:04:32,110 --> 00:04:29,310 orbital workshop is one of those great 106 00:04:34,700 --> 00:04:32,120 triumph of things going bad and 107 00:04:36,590 --> 00:04:34,710 engineers and humans and astronauts 108 00:04:38,150 --> 00:04:36,600 working together to fix them they were 109 00:04:42,710 --> 00:04:38,160 very successful almost month-long 110 00:04:45,080 --> 00:04:42,720 mission and proved that in fact first 111 00:04:46,490 --> 00:04:45,090 the Skylab at work that humans are 112 00:04:48,920 --> 00:04:46,500 really important to those things and to 113 00:04:49,939 --> 00:04:48,930 get a lot of good scientific data and of 114 00:04:52,250 --> 00:04:49,949 course we had two more crews that 115 00:04:53,750 --> 00:04:52,260 launched later in the year the second 116 00:04:57,830 --> 00:04:53,760 Skylab crew was up for a longer period 117 00:04:59,300 --> 00:04:57,840 and you know those are lots of earth 118 00:05:01,430 --> 00:04:59,310 science experiments and lots of solar 119 00:05:03,469 --> 00:05:01,440 observations and then the third crew 120 00:05:05,030 --> 00:05:03,479 finally launches at the end of 1973 and 121 00:05:10,280 --> 00:05:05,040 early into 74 they're up for almost 122 00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:10,290 three months and they observe do solar 123 00:05:14,540 --> 00:05:12,090 observations numerous observations we do 124 00:05:16,370 --> 00:05:14,550 experiments with students this isn't the 125 00:05:18,740 --> 00:05:16,380 first NASA suit student experiments go 126 00:05:21,950 --> 00:05:18,750 on during Skylab the last crew leaves 127 00:05:24,560 --> 00:05:21,960 Skylab in early 1974 so a very 128 00:05:26,570 --> 00:05:24,570 successful program overall despite the 129 00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:26,580 fact that it almost on the first minute 130 00:05:31,580 --> 00:05:29,250 of operations almost went in the drink 131 00:05:34,570 --> 00:05:31,590 one of the real triumph of Skylab is 132 00:05:36,950 --> 00:05:34,580 that it basically took a situation 133 00:05:40,430 --> 00:05:36,960 gathering both the limits of what was 134 00:05:42,770 --> 00:05:40,440 possible and the possibilities presented 135 00:05:44,659 --> 00:05:42,780 by incredible technological developments 136 00:05:47,890 --> 00:05:44,669 and put them together in a program that 137 00:05:49,100 --> 00:05:47,900 produce tremendous benefits in science 138 00:05:52,190 --> 00:05:49,110 education 139 00:05:53,690 --> 00:05:52,200 what spaceflight is all about so it's a 140 00:05:56,779 --> 00:05:53,700 stepping stone it was the stepping stone 141 00:05:58,730 --> 00:05:56,789 between the Apollo program and then 142 00:06:01,490 --> 00:05:58,740 later definitions of what face flight 143 00:06:03,710 --> 00:06:01,500 would mean for the United States Skylab 144 00:06:04,629 --> 00:06:03,720 is the first step we'd learn how to 145 00:06:08,390 --> 00:06:04,639 operate in space 146 00:06:10,670 --> 00:06:08,400 we build on that with the ISS we now go 147 00:06:12,460 --> 00:06:10,680 on further beyond low-earth orbit to 148 00:06:15,110 --> 00:06:12,470 visit an asteroid and then on to Mars 149 00:06:39,710 --> 00:06:15,120 that's the plan and that's where we're 150 00:06:44,250 --> 00:06:42,150 all right thank you that was that was 151 00:06:46,650 --> 00:06:44,260 great and thank you to our historian dr. 152 00:06:48,720 --> 00:06:46,660 bill berry who's here with us today who 153 00:06:50,670 --> 00:06:48,730 for participating that so we're gonna 154 00:06:52,140 --> 00:06:50,680 get into the discussion now as we 155 00:06:54,720 --> 00:06:52,150 mentioned earlier if you're following 156 00:06:56,520 --> 00:06:54,730 along with us at Twitter you can send us 157 00:06:59,070 --> 00:06:56,530 your questions using the hashtag ask 158 00:07:01,560 --> 00:06:59,080 NASA and the discussion will be followed 159 00:07:04,230 --> 00:07:01,570 at hashtag Skylab we're also taking your 160 00:07:05,879 --> 00:07:04,240 questions at Google+ and Facebook but 161 00:07:07,409 --> 00:07:05,889 before we get started with our audience 162 00:07:09,150 --> 00:07:07,419 questions as well I have a couple 163 00:07:11,520 --> 00:07:09,160 questions for the panelists and I'd like 164 00:07:12,930 --> 00:07:11,530 first to start with with Owen and Gerry 165 00:07:14,850 --> 00:07:12,940 because we just watched this great video 166 00:07:17,490 --> 00:07:14,860 they told us a little bit about the 167 00:07:18,960 --> 00:07:17,500 official history of Skylab I was hoping 168 00:07:20,879 --> 00:07:18,970 starting with Owen you could tell us a 169 00:07:22,350 --> 00:07:20,889 little bit about your impressions and 170 00:07:23,580 --> 00:07:22,360 what we should know about it well 171 00:07:25,740 --> 00:07:23,590 there's so many things as a matter of 172 00:07:28,320 --> 00:07:25,750 fact if you're asking about basic 173 00:07:30,510 --> 00:07:28,330 materials there's a 500 page book that 174 00:07:32,460 --> 00:07:30,520 David hid myself and Joe Kerwin 175 00:07:35,100 --> 00:07:32,470 published about four or five years ago 176 00:07:37,050 --> 00:07:35,110 and that will tell you far more detail 177 00:07:39,600 --> 00:07:37,060 and we will be able to accommodate here 178 00:07:41,640 --> 00:07:39,610 this afternoon but I think it did take 179 00:07:44,520 --> 00:07:41,650 the first step into living in space 180 00:07:45,990 --> 00:07:44,530 homesteading space we call it here and I 181 00:07:49,350 --> 00:07:46,000 think that's essentially what the 182 00:07:51,300 --> 00:07:49,360 program provided but verified the fact 183 00:07:53,670 --> 00:07:51,310 that people could live work do 184 00:07:56,130 --> 00:07:53,680 productive things for long durations and 185 00:07:58,050 --> 00:07:56,140 then it also took the first steps into 186 00:08:00,900 --> 00:07:58,060 the science that we also wanted to have 187 00:08:03,090 --> 00:08:00,910 on board so that's a nutshell the kinds 188 00:08:04,920 --> 00:08:03,100 of things long-duration and and useful 189 00:08:07,110 --> 00:08:04,930 science that were above the atmosphere 190 00:08:08,730 --> 00:08:07,120 so we can see in ultraviolet x-ray 191 00:08:13,020 --> 00:08:08,740 wavelengths which we cannot see from the 192 00:08:14,010 --> 00:08:13,030 ground well I think some of the other 193 00:08:17,159 --> 00:08:14,020 things that were accomplished 194 00:08:18,900 --> 00:08:17,169 operationally on Skylab was that we we 195 00:08:22,770 --> 00:08:18,910 dealt with problems having to do with 196 00:08:24,690 --> 00:08:22,780 scheduling and productivity and we came 197 00:08:27,750 --> 00:08:24,700 to some solutions that work very well it 198 00:08:30,870 --> 00:08:27,760 took a while to get there but those 199 00:08:33,240 --> 00:08:30,880 solutions that we came across were were 200 00:08:35,399 --> 00:08:33,250 used on subsequent missions to some 201 00:08:38,010 --> 00:08:35,409 degree and some of the lessons had to be 202 00:08:40,680 --> 00:08:38,020 learned all over again but that's the 203 00:08:43,199 --> 00:08:40,690 nature of the space business I think and 204 00:08:45,930 --> 00:08:43,209 the the productivity is the most 205 00:08:47,400 --> 00:08:45,940 important thing you've got to be able to 206 00:08:48,330 --> 00:08:47,410 get things done up there if you don't 207 00:08:50,040 --> 00:08:48,340 get things done 208 00:08:53,640 --> 00:08:50,050 then you know public money is being 209 00:08:55,680 --> 00:08:53,650 wasted well and speaking of continuity 210 00:08:57,600 --> 00:08:55,690 we've now had folks on the international 211 00:08:59,790 --> 00:08:57,610 space station for 13 years and one of 212 00:09:01,200 --> 00:08:59,800 those individuals is Kevin Ford and so 213 00:09:02,880 --> 00:09:01,210 Kevin I was wondering if you could share 214 00:09:04,650 --> 00:09:02,890 with me and all of our audience here a 215 00:09:06,420 --> 00:09:04,660 little bit about your training and maybe 216 00:09:07,880 --> 00:09:06,430 how it compared to the Skylab folks and 217 00:09:09,750 --> 00:09:07,890 how you got ready to go to space 218 00:09:11,580 --> 00:09:09,760 absolutely well first let me just say 219 00:09:12,810 --> 00:09:11,590 what an honor it is to be here with 220 00:09:16,170 --> 00:09:12,820 these two gentlemen 221 00:09:18,270 --> 00:09:16,180 Skylab really represents something to us 222 00:09:19,650 --> 00:09:18,280 which was the first long-duration you 223 00:09:21,450 --> 00:09:19,660 know stays in space and there's a lot of 224 00:09:23,640 --> 00:09:21,460 uncertainty when you go you know 225 00:09:25,560 --> 00:09:23,650 everybody has has a little bit of angst 226 00:09:27,390 --> 00:09:25,570 I suppose how am I going to stay there 227 00:09:28,710 --> 00:09:27,400 for a long time in my case I was 228 00:09:29,910 --> 00:09:28,720 expected to stay about four and a half 229 00:09:32,700 --> 00:09:29,920 months and you have some butterflies 230 00:09:35,220 --> 00:09:32,710 involved with with doing that but when 231 00:09:36,750 --> 00:09:35,230 you get up there you know that people 232 00:09:38,370 --> 00:09:36,760 have been here before and other crews 233 00:09:40,380 --> 00:09:38,380 even before me of course when space 234 00:09:41,730 --> 00:09:40,390 station had been there and and had a lot 235 00:09:42,920 --> 00:09:41,740 of things that they could tell me but 236 00:09:46,200 --> 00:09:42,930 really the space station was built 237 00:09:48,120 --> 00:09:46,210 around what we learned from Skylab what 238 00:09:49,800 --> 00:09:48,130 they put up there for us the way the 239 00:09:51,510 --> 00:09:49,810 modules were sized and the way they were 240 00:09:53,010 --> 00:09:51,520 constructed in space and all that kind 241 00:09:55,650 --> 00:09:53,020 of stuff came came out of well we 242 00:09:57,300 --> 00:09:55,660 learned from Skylab the training the 243 00:09:58,650 --> 00:09:57,310 training now involves just so much and 244 00:10:00,300 --> 00:09:58,660 I'm sure they had the same types of 245 00:10:01,950 --> 00:10:00,310 things a lot of you know you have to 246 00:10:04,740 --> 00:10:01,960 think about the basics first 247 00:10:06,660 --> 00:10:04,750 just just living in space and medical 248 00:10:08,640 --> 00:10:06,670 operations we were our own doctors for 249 00:10:09,690 --> 00:10:08,650 example in space all that stuff is 250 00:10:11,760 --> 00:10:09,700 important it takes a lot of training 251 00:10:13,170 --> 00:10:11,770 especially for somebody like a pilot you 252 00:10:14,460 --> 00:10:13,180 know if you're gonna teach me how to 253 00:10:16,620 --> 00:10:14,470 pull a tooth that you're gonna need some 254 00:10:18,240 --> 00:10:16,630 time to do it so there's a lot of a lot 255 00:10:19,650 --> 00:10:18,250 of training involved for the basics but 256 00:10:21,780 --> 00:10:19,660 then also of course we're up there for 257 00:10:24,080 --> 00:10:21,790 the science and and we get to go to all 258 00:10:26,250 --> 00:10:24,090 the centers not only in the US but 259 00:10:28,230 --> 00:10:26,260 overseas as well to learn about the 260 00:10:30,210 --> 00:10:28,240 science and how to do that and and take 261 00:10:31,500 --> 00:10:30,220 care of the assets we have on board and 262 00:10:33,930 --> 00:10:31,510 of course take care of the space station 263 00:10:35,760 --> 00:10:33,940 so a lot of elements to the training 264 00:10:37,710 --> 00:10:35,770 it's about two and a half years involved 265 00:10:40,080 --> 00:10:37,720 in it now for a four of five to six 266 00:10:42,570 --> 00:10:40,090 months day and speaking of that science 267 00:10:45,750 --> 00:10:42,580 that was that was perfect like we have a 268 00:10:47,220 --> 00:10:45,760 show going here Marshall Porterfield can 269 00:10:49,320 --> 00:10:47,230 tell us a lot about that science and I 270 00:10:51,510 --> 00:10:49,330 think he had a fairly similar job to a 271 00:10:54,090 --> 00:10:51,520 job that Owen also had it at NASA in 272 00:10:55,410 --> 00:10:54,100 terms of space exploration tell us a 273 00:10:58,020 --> 00:10:55,420 little bit about the experiments we're 274 00:10:59,280 --> 00:10:58,030 doing on station now and and how that 275 00:11:00,030 --> 00:10:59,290 relates to some of the history what we 276 00:11:02,400 --> 00:11:00,040 learned the sky 277 00:11:06,690 --> 00:11:02,410 well in terms of they hit the link to 278 00:11:08,460 --> 00:11:06,700 the history of Skylab and really the 279 00:11:10,410 --> 00:11:08,470 productivity that they had during that 280 00:11:12,600 --> 00:11:10,420 time period is noteworthy they conducted 281 00:11:14,400 --> 00:11:12,610 over 2,500 separate individual 282 00:11:18,800 --> 00:11:14,410 investigations in the area of Helio 283 00:11:21,630 --> 00:11:18,810 physics astrophysics earth observation 284 00:11:24,270 --> 00:11:21,640 in engineering technology development 285 00:11:27,090 --> 00:11:24,280 life sciences and also did student 286 00:11:29,970 --> 00:11:27,100 experiments on Skylab and that's over 287 00:11:31,560 --> 00:11:29,980 three three Skylab missions over 170 one 288 00:11:34,650 --> 00:11:31,570 day so incredible level of productivity 289 00:11:37,050 --> 00:11:34,660 that we are working towards matching 290 00:11:39,420 --> 00:11:37,060 right now in terms of ISS utilization so 291 00:11:42,210 --> 00:11:39,430 we that crew up there for almost 13 292 00:11:45,210 --> 00:11:42,220 years we have already a great portfolio 293 00:11:46,260 --> 00:11:45,220 of research that's being done a lot of 294 00:11:48,780 --> 00:11:46,270 the things that were discovered during 295 00:11:50,660 --> 00:11:48,790 the Skylab error like bone wasting these 296 00:11:53,670 --> 00:11:50,670 were the first studies that documented 297 00:11:56,160 --> 00:11:53,680 calcium loss and bone and astronauts 298 00:11:58,170 --> 00:11:56,170 over long-duration periods of time and 299 00:11:59,880 --> 00:11:58,180 space we're still doing research in 300 00:12:01,740 --> 00:11:59,890 those areas down on International Space 301 00:12:04,530 --> 00:12:01,750 Station so there's a very strong link 302 00:12:06,150 --> 00:12:04,540 between what the foundational study said 303 00:12:08,790 --> 00:12:06,160 in some cases actually wrote the 304 00:12:11,010 --> 00:12:08,800 textbook on some Space Science 305 00:12:12,960 --> 00:12:11,020 phenomenon and those are the Erika 306 00:12:15,540 --> 00:12:12,970 continuing on today on the International 307 00:12:17,840 --> 00:12:15,550 Space Station thank you and so we're 308 00:12:19,770 --> 00:12:17,850 looking to go further into space and 309 00:12:21,050 --> 00:12:19,780 Jason who's here from our advanced 310 00:12:23,700 --> 00:12:21,060 exploration 311 00:12:26,010 --> 00:12:23,710 work you know right now it takes it 312 00:12:28,500 --> 00:12:26,020 takes 14 minutes to get a signal to Mars 313 00:12:30,270 --> 00:12:28,510 right so some of what we're learning the 314 00:12:33,060 --> 00:12:30,280 communications work that went from 315 00:12:34,260 --> 00:12:33,070 Skylab to Earth from ISS to Earth now 316 00:12:35,940 --> 00:12:34,270 we're working on these systems that 317 00:12:37,650 --> 00:12:35,950 we'll be able to get us even further can 318 00:12:39,030 --> 00:12:37,660 you tell us a little bit about them how 319 00:12:40,680 --> 00:12:39,040 what this work that we've done is 320 00:12:42,210 --> 00:12:40,690 informed what we're going to do to get 321 00:12:44,310 --> 00:12:42,220 to an asteroid and on to Mars yes 322 00:12:47,520 --> 00:12:44,320 starting I mean even Skylab period of 323 00:12:49,350 --> 00:12:47,530 times we had real loss of signal we 324 00:12:50,910 --> 00:12:49,360 didn't have continuous comm you go to 325 00:12:53,820 --> 00:12:50,920 something like this weekend when we're 326 00:12:55,050 --> 00:12:53,830 doing an e VA and we have not only near 327 00:12:56,760 --> 00:12:55,060 commit you know tenuous comm 328 00:12:59,460 --> 00:12:56,770 communications but we also have near 329 00:13:01,620 --> 00:12:59,470 continuous video things as the operation 330 00:13:03,570 --> 00:13:01,630 is going on but we're actually as we go 331 00:13:05,070 --> 00:13:03,580 further and further from Earth 332 00:13:06,600 --> 00:13:05,080 we're then actually revert back to 333 00:13:09,300 --> 00:13:06,610 actually the loss of signal kind of 334 00:13:10,620 --> 00:13:09,310 style of communications where those time 335 00:13:12,960 --> 00:13:10,630 delays will increase to a point that 336 00:13:13,260 --> 00:13:12,970 real-time communications doesn't doesn't 337 00:13:15,360 --> 00:13:13,270 make 338 00:13:16,920 --> 00:13:15,370 sense that that planning and the 339 00:13:19,230 --> 00:13:16,930 orchestrating of the mission challenges 340 00:13:21,270 --> 00:13:19,240 becomes even more important you don't 341 00:13:22,590 --> 00:13:21,280 have the the ground support crew every 342 00:13:24,930 --> 00:13:22,600 day right right on the comm loop with 343 00:13:26,130 --> 00:13:24,940 you or you would be slightly delayed or 344 00:13:28,140 --> 00:13:26,140 offset so you have to have more 345 00:13:30,210 --> 00:13:28,150 autonomous systems you have to have the 346 00:13:32,580 --> 00:13:30,220 crew and be able to re plan events in a 347 00:13:34,170 --> 00:13:32,590 more autonomous way or automatically by 348 00:13:35,340 --> 00:13:34,180 themselves as the crew so see something 349 00:13:37,790 --> 00:13:35,350 happened they can replay in their day 350 00:13:39,960 --> 00:13:37,800 right away to try to minimize that 351 00:13:42,060 --> 00:13:39,970 communication lost in order to keep the 352 00:13:43,590 --> 00:13:42,070 productivity up at the same time so that 353 00:13:44,820 --> 00:13:43,600 communications delay is going to be one 354 00:13:47,520 --> 00:13:44,830 of the biggest challenges of how we 355 00:13:49,020 --> 00:13:47,530 change our operational paradigm in some 356 00:13:52,350 --> 00:13:49,030 ways we can actually look back at Skylab 357 00:13:53,910 --> 00:13:52,360 as a reference to how that was done and 358 00:13:55,590 --> 00:13:53,920 and actually learned from that going 359 00:13:57,870 --> 00:13:55,600 forward versus actually we do a station 360 00:14:01,020 --> 00:13:57,880 today which is very very continuous 361 00:14:02,070 --> 00:14:01,030 communications so we're gonna get ready 362 00:14:05,040 --> 00:14:02,080 to take some questions from the audience 363 00:14:07,020 --> 00:14:05,050 but I have one more for Jerry and Owen 364 00:14:08,760 --> 00:14:07,030 because you know we're we're exploring 365 00:14:09,270 --> 00:14:08,770 space but we think we're alone in this 366 00:14:11,670 --> 00:14:09,280 universe 367 00:14:14,940 --> 00:14:11,680 but when you got to Skylab you found out 368 00:14:16,020 --> 00:14:14,950 we're not alone and I wanted to see if 369 00:14:17,940 --> 00:14:16,030 you could tell us a little bit about 370 00:14:20,190 --> 00:14:17,950 what you found when you when you arrived 371 00:14:22,680 --> 00:14:20,200 for Skylab for mission and what the 372 00:14:25,200 --> 00:14:22,690 folks on owns crew left for you well we 373 00:14:28,530 --> 00:14:25,210 finished talking with the Skylab vehicle 374 00:14:30,510 --> 00:14:28,540 with the lab of course with Mission 375 00:14:32,940 --> 00:14:30,520 Control would let us get out and go in 376 00:14:34,950 --> 00:14:32,950 we had to spend the night in the command 377 00:14:37,310 --> 00:14:34,960 module so by the next morning we were 378 00:14:40,620 --> 00:14:37,320 clawing at the door ready to go to work 379 00:14:42,600 --> 00:14:40,630 we went in there and Ed went in first as 380 00:14:45,960 --> 00:14:42,610 I remember and he said hey Jerry come 381 00:14:50,120 --> 00:14:45,970 and look at this I said what did come 382 00:14:53,460 --> 00:14:50,130 and look well we went down to the the 383 00:14:56,250 --> 00:14:53,470 living area and sure enough sitting on 384 00:14:58,890 --> 00:14:56,260 the pot was a dummy with what I don't 385 00:15:00,510 --> 00:14:58,900 remember who's I don't know whose name 386 00:15:04,590 --> 00:15:00,520 was on it but one of our names was on 387 00:15:08,220 --> 00:15:04,600 another one was on a bicycle and had his 388 00:15:10,200 --> 00:15:08,230 feet attached to the bicycle and the 389 00:15:13,010 --> 00:15:10,210 third one was as I remember in the 390 00:15:17,700 --> 00:15:13,020 wardroom standing behind the the table 391 00:15:19,020 --> 00:15:17,710 eating so we said okay those guys did it 392 00:15:22,920 --> 00:15:19,030 to us we've got to find a way to get 393 00:15:28,509 --> 00:15:25,329 let's but let's take some questions from 394 00:15:32,410 --> 00:15:28,519 the audience thank you guys and we've 395 00:15:35,650 --> 00:15:32,420 got one right down right down here hi 396 00:15:38,579 --> 00:15:35,660 Jeff Wallace Rocket Man Rocket Man five 397 00:15:41,199 --> 00:15:38,589 twenty haight on Twitter I've met your 398 00:15:42,639 --> 00:15:41,209 your son at another at South by 399 00:15:44,679 --> 00:15:42,649 Southwest or rather entertaining 400 00:15:46,929 --> 00:15:44,689 character can you talk a little bit 401 00:15:48,040 --> 00:15:46,939 about how you inspired want to go to the 402 00:15:51,220 --> 00:15:48,050 space Owen 403 00:15:53,829 --> 00:15:51,230 well referring to the fact that my son 404 00:15:55,329 --> 00:15:53,839 richard has also had the opportunity to 405 00:15:58,569 --> 00:15:55,339 go to space we're in fact the only 406 00:16:01,210 --> 00:15:58,579 father-son pair in the u.s. who said 407 00:16:03,400 --> 00:16:01,220 that opportunity and so I did not know I 408 00:16:05,139 --> 00:16:03,410 was doing it at the time for one thing 409 00:16:08,139 --> 00:16:05,149 it is so unusual to have this 410 00:16:10,299 --> 00:16:08,149 opportunity to to to go to space in 411 00:16:13,269 --> 00:16:10,309 whatever capacity as a pilot as a 412 00:16:15,129 --> 00:16:13,279 scientist or whatever I didn't to push 413 00:16:17,019 --> 00:16:15,139 you in that direction at all I knew he 414 00:16:20,079 --> 00:16:17,029 was interested in it but I had no idea 415 00:16:20,739 --> 00:16:20,089 that he really had that as a objective 416 00:16:23,439 --> 00:16:20,749 in his life 417 00:16:27,069 --> 00:16:23,449 and I was surprised some years later to 418 00:16:29,019 --> 00:16:27,079 find that he had indeed worked with 419 00:16:31,030 --> 00:16:29,029 companies and he was one of those people 420 00:16:35,139 --> 00:16:31,040 who would be able to fly with the 421 00:16:36,879 --> 00:16:35,149 Russians on the Soyuz up to the ISS and 422 00:16:39,369 --> 00:16:36,889 so Akeem was a surprise to me actually 423 00:16:41,769 --> 00:16:39,379 when I found out that he had acted upon 424 00:16:43,900 --> 00:16:41,779 his wishes which I had not particularly 425 00:16:46,090 --> 00:16:43,910 encouraged not I certainly didn't 426 00:16:47,379 --> 00:16:46,100 discourage it but I didn't encourage it 427 00:16:49,360 --> 00:16:47,389 because it was such a remote possibility 428 00:16:51,489 --> 00:16:49,370 and so it was really something that 429 00:16:53,470 --> 00:16:51,499 Richard pretty much did on his own and I 430 00:16:55,660 --> 00:16:53,480 was very pleased to a sister contribute 431 00:16:59,530 --> 00:16:55,670 to it his success on that program 432 00:17:01,299 --> 00:16:59,540 whenever I could great I think we've got 433 00:17:04,269 --> 00:17:01,309 a question coming to us from social 434 00:17:05,710 --> 00:17:04,279 media here why don't you go ahead cheers 435 00:17:07,269 --> 00:17:05,720 thanks Lauren okay so we have a similar 436 00:17:10,480 --> 00:17:07,279 question that came in to both Google+ 437 00:17:12,399 --> 00:17:10,490 and Twitter and it's basically post onto 438 00:17:13,689 --> 00:17:12,409 it in dr. Porter field started to touch 439 00:17:15,010 --> 00:17:13,699 on the legacy a little bit but is there 440 00:17:17,199 --> 00:17:15,020 a big difference between the type of 441 00:17:18,579 --> 00:17:17,209 science that was conducted aboard the 442 00:17:26,130 --> 00:17:18,589 International Space Station compared to 443 00:17:33,510 --> 00:17:29,310 who's that for maybe maybe start with 444 00:17:38,900 --> 00:17:33,520 you Google+ was there a big difference 445 00:17:45,270 --> 00:17:42,660 prospect we did the solar physics for 446 00:17:47,910 --> 00:17:45,280 example but you now can do the steps on 447 00:17:51,090 --> 00:17:47,920 beyond what we did on Skylab and in some 448 00:17:53,280 --> 00:17:51,100 ways you've completed some of the work 449 00:17:55,590 --> 00:17:53,290 but you go to the next step and so I 450 00:17:57,660 --> 00:17:55,600 would say the same general research 451 00:17:59,340 --> 00:17:57,670 areas are still there but it's a more 452 00:18:02,340 --> 00:17:59,350 advanced techniques that are now 453 00:18:04,560 --> 00:18:02,350 available with the longer durations and 454 00:18:06,960 --> 00:18:04,570 the improved hardware that we now have 455 00:18:09,330 --> 00:18:06,970 available after some 40 years after as 456 00:18:10,890 --> 00:18:09,340 you would expect you oughta do it well I 457 00:18:14,490 --> 00:18:10,900 just might add that you know it was 458 00:18:16,470 --> 00:18:14,500 built from the ground up International 459 00:18:19,530 --> 00:18:16,480 Space Station you know to accommodate 460 00:18:21,870 --> 00:18:19,540 Express type payloads and new ideas with 461 00:18:24,500 --> 00:18:21,880 all kinds of plumbing you know for for 462 00:18:27,480 --> 00:18:24,510 vacuums and gases and power and cooling 463 00:18:31,110 --> 00:18:27,490 just so that people could come in with 464 00:18:33,810 --> 00:18:31,120 ideas even downstream and still get them 465 00:18:36,570 --> 00:18:33,820 aboard and today regularly we install 466 00:18:38,480 --> 00:18:36,580 few modules and new racks and new 467 00:18:40,740 --> 00:18:38,490 drawers and that sort of thing that are 468 00:18:41,700 --> 00:18:40,750 accommodated easily by the construction 469 00:18:44,340 --> 00:18:41,710 of the International Space Station 470 00:18:46,290 --> 00:18:44,350 modules just to take take on new science 471 00:18:48,630 --> 00:18:46,300 and ideas and so far we've done really 472 00:18:50,460 --> 00:18:48,640 well with when people came and said man 473 00:18:52,770 --> 00:18:50,470 here's here's what I would like to do on 474 00:18:54,960 --> 00:18:52,780 the space station usually the provisions 475 00:18:56,910 --> 00:18:54,970 are there to get that done so it's very 476 00:18:58,260 --> 00:18:56,920 very capable just just to get the 477 00:19:00,540 --> 00:18:58,270 different types of science there are 478 00:19:02,790 --> 00:19:00,550 also external platforms and you know 479 00:19:04,920 --> 00:19:02,800 that express logistics carriers on the 480 00:19:07,020 --> 00:19:04,930 outside like we put AMS on the outside 481 00:19:08,940 --> 00:19:07,030 kind of you know later on it was able to 482 00:19:11,220 --> 00:19:08,950 accommodate the Alpha the Magnetic 483 00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:11,230 Spectrometer for example at a later date 484 00:19:15,750 --> 00:19:12,730 so it was it was really built to 485 00:19:18,120 --> 00:19:15,760 accommodate all this and again that was 486 00:19:20,370 --> 00:19:18,130 a bit of the legacy that they brought to 487 00:19:22,350 --> 00:19:20,380 us I just want to make a couple comments 488 00:19:23,760 --> 00:19:22,360 that the hardware that we have available 489 00:19:25,260 --> 00:19:23,770 now to do the science on the 490 00:19:28,560 --> 00:19:25,270 International Space Station is much more 491 00:19:31,620 --> 00:19:28,570 advanced just because of the advancement 492 00:19:33,240 --> 00:19:31,630 of science in general so and we do have 493 00:19:35,430 --> 00:19:33,250 significant investment in hardware 494 00:19:36,930 --> 00:19:35,440 capabilities to do life and physical 495 00:19:39,630 --> 00:19:36,940 sciences research on the Internet 496 00:19:42,390 --> 00:19:39,640 Space Station just one example is that 497 00:19:45,020 --> 00:19:42,400 some fairly rudimentary experiments were 498 00:19:47,010 --> 00:19:45,030 done on Skylab with rice seedlings on 499 00:19:48,810 --> 00:19:47,020 International Space Station using the 500 00:19:50,880 --> 00:19:48,820 European cultivation module we grow 501 00:19:54,060 --> 00:19:50,890 plants from seed to seed the complete 502 00:19:56,010 --> 00:19:54,070 life cycle and we also can do we have a 503 00:19:58,860 --> 00:19:56,020 centrifuge for controls so we actually 504 00:20:00,480 --> 00:19:58,870 have a 1g control in space for those 505 00:20:02,370 --> 00:20:00,490 types of experiments right now so we do 506 00:20:04,110 --> 00:20:02,380 have much more in terms of advanced 507 00:20:05,550 --> 00:20:04,120 capability to do a better job of doing 508 00:20:09,330 --> 00:20:05,560 good science on the International Space 509 00:20:11,190 --> 00:20:09,340 Station I'd like to point out that one 510 00:20:12,990 --> 00:20:11,200 of the big differences between Skylab 511 00:20:16,650 --> 00:20:13,000 and the International Space Station is 512 00:20:20,280 --> 00:20:16,660 that our in our life sciences work the 513 00:20:22,340 --> 00:20:20,290 the metabolic analysis and those kinds 514 00:20:25,050 --> 00:20:22,350 of experiments that we did on Skylab 515 00:20:28,170 --> 00:20:25,060 required us to be on a very very strict 516 00:20:29,340 --> 00:20:28,180 diet we worked with the nutritionists 517 00:20:31,950 --> 00:20:29,350 before we left 518 00:20:33,450 --> 00:20:31,960 set the diet and then we could not vary 519 00:20:38,100 --> 00:20:33,460 from that diet and that's a big 520 00:20:43,860 --> 00:20:38,110 difference from these these lucky guys 521 00:20:45,600 --> 00:20:43,870 get all state up there but I wanted to 522 00:20:47,550 --> 00:20:45,610 met tell give you a little vignette here 523 00:20:49,950 --> 00:20:47,560 and that is that I went to a meeting in 524 00:20:52,800 --> 00:20:49,960 Berlin of the association of a space 525 00:20:56,910 --> 00:20:52,810 explorers and one of the cosmonauts is 526 00:20:58,890 --> 00:20:56,920 there a name manner of told me how 527 00:21:00,630 --> 00:20:58,900 grateful the Russians were that we did 528 00:21:02,760 --> 00:21:00,640 those experiments because it helped them 529 00:21:05,100 --> 00:21:02,770 very much in the planning of their own 530 00:21:07,590 --> 00:21:05,110 experiments so here's another point 531 00:21:10,440 --> 00:21:07,600 where all of our data is free to the 532 00:21:12,990 --> 00:21:10,450 world and I think that's something for 533 00:21:14,670 --> 00:21:13,000 which we should be very proud alright 534 00:21:16,680 --> 00:21:14,680 we've got a question from the phone line 535 00:21:21,830 --> 00:21:16,690 from Robert Perlman at collect space 536 00:21:26,880 --> 00:21:21,840 comm Roberts please ask your questions I 537 00:21:29,910 --> 00:21:26,890 think for Owen carrion and Kevin from 538 00:21:31,440 --> 00:21:29,920 crew members perspective realizing that 539 00:21:34,410 --> 00:21:31,450 you can only talk to your experience 540 00:21:37,110 --> 00:21:34,420 which Space Station design felt better 541 00:21:40,020 --> 00:21:37,120 to a long-duration outpost one very 542 00:21:41,640 --> 00:21:40,030 large room like was on a lab or a small 543 00:21:46,010 --> 00:21:41,650 self-contained modules like that on the 544 00:21:51,419 --> 00:21:48,930 like the large-volume better than a 545 00:21:53,960 --> 00:21:51,429 smaller box my preference would be for 546 00:21:56,970 --> 00:21:53,970 the larger volume but I'm biased in that 547 00:21:58,650 --> 00:21:56,980 perspective of course because you can do 548 00:22:00,240 --> 00:21:58,660 so much more with it for example the 549 00:22:02,760 --> 00:22:00,250 manned maneuvering unit which we first 550 00:22:05,280 --> 00:22:02,770 tested out on Skylab could be done with 551 00:22:07,830 --> 00:22:05,290 cold gas nitrogen thrusters on the 552 00:22:10,140 --> 00:22:07,840 inside of Skylab before we ever had to 553 00:22:12,660 --> 00:22:10,150 venture outside and face the hard vacuum 554 00:22:14,460 --> 00:22:12,670 that we would when we had verified that 555 00:22:16,440 --> 00:22:14,470 the hardware was all working correctly 556 00:22:18,120 --> 00:22:16,450 and so that was one advantage that was 557 00:22:20,430 --> 00:22:18,130 only available because we had a large 558 00:22:22,380 --> 00:22:20,440 volume in which to test it and so I 559 00:22:25,020 --> 00:22:22,390 think bad and a few other examples 560 00:22:26,669 --> 00:22:25,030 really demonstrate the value of having a 561 00:22:28,590 --> 00:22:26,679 large volume for the times that you 562 00:22:31,470 --> 00:22:28,600 really need it and of course with my 563 00:22:35,370 --> 00:22:31,480 bias already accounting for that would 564 00:22:38,580 --> 00:22:35,380 be my preference yeah you know I would 565 00:22:40,440 --> 00:22:38,590 say in general it's nice to be able to 566 00:22:41,909 --> 00:22:40,450 reach your wall and that sort of thing 567 00:22:44,669 --> 00:22:41,919 from maneuvering around and working 568 00:22:47,430 --> 00:22:44,679 across volumes and stuff but I I'm very 569 00:22:49,140 --> 00:22:47,440 jealous when I see that film of the the 570 00:22:51,419 --> 00:22:49,150 acrobatics we're seeing the tumbling 571 00:22:54,360 --> 00:22:51,429 inside so somewhere up there on Space 572 00:22:58,140 --> 00:22:54,370 Station we need a big ballroom you know 573 00:23:01,020 --> 00:22:58,150 that we could dancing we do dream of 574 00:23:03,390 --> 00:23:01,030 that we have a pretty open area keepo is 575 00:23:05,700 --> 00:23:03,400 pretty big module and that's where we do 576 00:23:07,500 --> 00:23:05,710 some of our experiments that require a 577 00:23:10,500 --> 00:23:07,510 large volume like Speers you might know 578 00:23:12,090 --> 00:23:10,510 about the small satellites that can fly 579 00:23:14,250 --> 00:23:12,100 around and do maneuvers relative to each 580 00:23:17,700 --> 00:23:14,260 other and so sometimes you do need a big 581 00:23:19,500 --> 00:23:17,710 volume onboard and we you know we have a 582 00:23:21,539 --> 00:23:19,510 kind of a trade-off there because we had 583 00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:21,549 to get these components up and in the 584 00:23:25,500 --> 00:23:23,610 payload Bay of the Space Shuttle so 585 00:23:27,930 --> 00:23:25,510 maybe in the future we'll find another 586 00:23:30,690 --> 00:23:27,940 way all right I think we have a question 587 00:23:33,570 --> 00:23:30,700 up here in this area go ahead and I 588 00:23:39,750 --> 00:23:33,580 think I think it's the PG on Twitter go 589 00:23:42,780 --> 00:23:39,760 ahead yes hi I'm Glenn Gonzales from 590 00:23:46,110 --> 00:23:42,790 Baltimore Maryland Zeb eg2 on Twitter my 591 00:23:50,100 --> 00:23:46,120 question is not mine but it's from James 592 00:23:52,280 --> 00:23:50,110 3 to 94 in Michigan it's for Owen and 593 00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:52,290 for Gerald 594 00:24:00,990 --> 00:23:55,210 what was the material used to cover the 595 00:24:06,720 --> 00:24:01,000 exposed area of Skylab what was the 596 00:24:12,950 --> 00:24:06,730 material that we had are you talking 597 00:24:18,900 --> 00:24:16,950 parasol yeah and the sail yes parasol I 598 00:24:21,540 --> 00:24:18,910 say I don't know exactly but I think it 599 00:24:23,720 --> 00:24:21,550 was nylon but it was had some of the 600 00:24:27,390 --> 00:24:23,730 material impregnated in that as well and 601 00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:27,400 there were two kinds one was the parasol 602 00:24:31,320 --> 00:24:29,170 on the first crew and then the second 603 00:24:34,260 --> 00:24:31,330 crew had a sail which laid down on top 604 00:24:36,150 --> 00:24:34,270 of that because the first parasol was 605 00:24:38,970 --> 00:24:36,160 beginning to deteriorate you have to 606 00:24:42,000 --> 00:24:38,980 remember that it was a designed built 607 00:24:43,710 --> 00:24:42,010 tested folded-up everything within ten 608 00:24:45,090 --> 00:24:43,720 days and so they had a little bit longer 609 00:24:47,280 --> 00:24:45,100 to think about what they're really the 610 00:24:49,230 --> 00:24:47,290 best material would be for the second 611 00:24:51,690 --> 00:24:49,240 mission and so if maybe the the 612 00:24:54,060 --> 00:24:51,700 surfacing or the material that was on 613 00:24:55,530 --> 00:24:54,070 the nylon was a little different but I 614 00:24:57,420 --> 00:24:55,540 can't go into any more detail because I 615 00:25:00,180 --> 00:24:57,430 don't know the answer in more detail 616 00:25:02,520 --> 00:25:00,190 than that Dybbuk as far as I knew it was 617 00:25:07,170 --> 00:25:02,530 it was sheets Multi sheets of gold flat 618 00:25:09,330 --> 00:25:07,180 gold mylar and many many sheets in order 619 00:25:13,380 --> 00:25:09,340 to to get the insulation effect that 620 00:25:15,180 --> 00:25:13,390 you're looking for Tripp do we have any 621 00:25:17,580 --> 00:25:15,190 more questions coming in from social 622 00:25:18,990 --> 00:25:17,590 media yeah from Twitter how much 623 00:25:21,150 --> 00:25:19,000 training do you have to do before you 624 00:25:26,670 --> 00:25:21,160 actually go up into space and what does 625 00:25:30,150 --> 00:25:26,680 it feel like the first time well I'll go 626 00:25:31,980 --> 00:25:30,160 for that one there Doug yeah when you 627 00:25:35,040 --> 00:25:31,990 first get to NASA you've got to go 628 00:25:37,830 --> 00:25:35,050 through astronaut basic training back in 629 00:25:39,420 --> 00:25:37,840 an AR day you were considered to be an 630 00:25:41,370 --> 00:25:39,430 astronaut when you showed up at the 631 00:25:44,700 --> 00:25:41,380 front door and when you finish training 632 00:25:46,920 --> 00:25:44,710 then you were qualified to fly for the 633 00:25:50,430 --> 00:25:46,930 the later on when you got into the 634 00:25:54,170 --> 00:25:50,440 shuttle era the the people who came as 635 00:25:56,670 --> 00:25:54,180 they were astronaut candidates and 636 00:25:58,740 --> 00:25:56,680 they've required about the same amount 637 00:26:00,630 --> 00:25:58,750 of time about a year or so basic 638 00:26:03,420 --> 00:26:00,640 training and then they were considered 639 00:26:05,260 --> 00:26:03,430 ready to be assigned now once you get a 640 00:26:07,150 --> 00:26:05,270 mission you start a whole new 641 00:26:08,650 --> 00:26:07,160 training cycle and that whole new 642 00:26:12,310 --> 00:26:08,660 training cycle can last anywhere from 643 00:26:14,590 --> 00:26:12,320 from one to two and a half years my 644 00:26:16,270 --> 00:26:14,600 particular crew on Skylab since we were 645 00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:16,280 the last to fly we ended up with three 646 00:26:20,410 --> 00:26:19,010 years of training but the first two 647 00:26:22,150 --> 00:26:20,420 years of our training was helping the 648 00:26:24,280 --> 00:26:22,160 other two crews get their training plans 649 00:26:28,480 --> 00:26:24,290 put together and so we were kind of the 650 00:26:30,760 --> 00:26:28,490 guinea pigs I heard I heard Kevin say 651 00:26:32,830 --> 00:26:30,770 that it about what two and a half years 652 00:26:35,680 --> 00:26:32,840 for you guys yeah there's a lot of stuff 653 00:26:38,260 --> 00:26:35,690 to learn not just the operation of the 654 00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:38,270 of the vehicle but all of the science 655 00:26:42,790 --> 00:26:39,770 that you have to learn how to operate it 656 00:26:43,930 --> 00:26:42,800 really takes a long time for those in 657 00:26:45,760 --> 00:26:43,940 the audience to give a question please 658 00:26:47,890 --> 00:26:45,770 go ahead and raise your hand so our able 659 00:26:50,380 --> 00:26:47,900 microphone handler can see you and if 660 00:26:52,810 --> 00:26:50,390 you're following on online you can 661 00:26:54,040 --> 00:26:52,820 follow the hashtag Skylab for the 662 00:26:56,350 --> 00:26:54,050 discussion and if you have a question go 663 00:26:58,870 --> 00:26:56,360 ahead and send it to ask NASA hashtag 664 00:27:00,520 --> 00:26:58,880 ask NASA or on Google+ or Facebook and 665 00:27:03,430 --> 00:27:00,530 speaking of science experiments 666 00:27:05,830 --> 00:27:03,440 astronauts and education Leland Melvin 667 00:27:09,160 --> 00:27:05,840 here who is also a colleague of yours 668 00:27:10,840 --> 00:27:09,170 and another first for Skylab was it was 669 00:27:12,730 --> 00:27:10,850 that the first time student experiments 670 00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:12,740 had gone to space and that was an 671 00:27:17,740 --> 00:27:15,410 original idea in 73 we've continued to 672 00:27:19,030 --> 00:27:17,750 do that and Marshall I was gonna ask you 673 00:27:21,040 --> 00:27:19,040 what if we learned from some of the 674 00:27:22,510 --> 00:27:21,050 student experiments that have that have 675 00:27:25,810 --> 00:27:22,520 gone now onto the International Space 676 00:27:28,210 --> 00:27:25,820 Station I think the thing that was most 677 00:27:31,240 --> 00:27:28,220 important about what happened on Skylab 678 00:27:34,360 --> 00:27:31,250 was the we realized the magnitude of the 679 00:27:40,120 --> 00:27:34,370 impact of the student opportunities and 680 00:27:42,130 --> 00:27:40,130 what that that you really did get deep 681 00:27:44,440 --> 00:27:42,140 penetration into the education systems 682 00:27:47,440 --> 00:27:44,450 because of the imagination that the 683 00:27:49,450 --> 00:27:47,450 students brought to these projects not 684 00:27:53,560 --> 00:27:49,460 all of them work I think it's okay for 685 00:27:56,320 --> 00:27:53,570 the students to learn and and take 686 00:27:57,910 --> 00:27:56,330 chances that we normally wouldn't do I 687 00:28:00,090 --> 00:27:57,920 think some of the interesting things 688 00:28:02,530 --> 00:28:00,100 that were done with spiders were were 689 00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:02,540 innovative at the times they were able 690 00:28:06,310 --> 00:28:04,490 to show that spiders could adapt to 691 00:28:08,140 --> 00:28:06,320 microgravity first they couldn't make 692 00:28:10,810 --> 00:28:08,150 webs but then they would adapt and they 693 00:28:11,770 --> 00:28:10,820 could actually make web so using model 694 00:28:12,520 --> 00:28:11,780 organisms like that was really 695 00:28:14,320 --> 00:28:12,530 innovative 696 00:28:15,880 --> 00:28:14,330 I'm just really extend that question a 697 00:28:18,100 --> 00:28:15,890 little bit how many of the 698 00:28:19,960 --> 00:28:18,110 the name Arabella ringabel within you 699 00:28:22,960 --> 00:28:19,970 seem better said will remember at 700 00:28:24,520 --> 00:28:22,970 Arabella and her cohort Anita who with 701 00:28:26,500 --> 00:28:24,530 two spiders we brought up in a little 702 00:28:27,940 --> 00:28:26,510 container the size of your thumb and we 703 00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:27,950 had him in a box as you were describing 704 00:28:33,640 --> 00:28:31,010 and when they were first released the 705 00:28:36,460 --> 00:28:33,650 first night and night was whenever we 706 00:28:38,289 --> 00:28:36,470 were all asleep the reverse fluffy 707 00:28:40,840 --> 00:28:38,299 looking webs but by the second or third 708 00:28:43,240 --> 00:28:40,850 day they'd begun to spin a web that 709 00:28:46,240 --> 00:28:43,250 would do a good justice to your backyard 710 00:28:49,240 --> 00:28:46,250 or the garden at home and so it really 711 00:28:50,980 --> 00:28:49,250 amazing hell with no foresight no 712 00:28:53,530 --> 00:28:50,990 knowledge about what was coming they 713 00:28:56,740 --> 00:28:53,540 very quickly adjusted and adapted til 714 00:28:58,419 --> 00:28:56,750 weightless isn't pirate and where they 715 00:29:00,400 --> 00:28:58,429 were spun their web was to be walk 716 00:29:02,110 --> 00:29:00,410 around the edge and attach it again walk 717 00:29:03,909 --> 00:29:02,120 around the edge and attach it again and 718 00:29:05,260 --> 00:29:03,919 they do that around enough times we 719 00:29:06,760 --> 00:29:05,270 pretty soon they have a web that just 720 00:29:08,740 --> 00:29:06,770 like they had at home although they've 721 00:29:11,140 --> 00:29:08,750 never spun a web like this before so 722 00:29:13,419 --> 00:29:11,150 it's a remarkable job that the spiders 723 00:29:15,669 --> 00:29:13,429 they were cross the spiders they were 724 00:29:18,130 --> 00:29:15,679 called because of a little cross on the 725 00:29:20,080 --> 00:29:18,140 back of their shell and so it was really 726 00:29:21,970 --> 00:29:20,090 a fascinating experiment by the way 727 00:29:24,370 --> 00:29:21,980 Marshall Space Flight Center who put 728 00:29:26,909 --> 00:29:24,380 this program together still followed us 729 00:29:29,560 --> 00:29:26,919 most of those I think it was 40 total 730 00:29:32,080 --> 00:29:29,570 experimenters that and they occasionally 731 00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:32,090 have had a reunion back in Huntsville 732 00:29:37,120 --> 00:29:35,330 for Lois students and the young lady I 733 00:29:39,430 --> 00:29:37,130 think blended into life sciences to some 734 00:29:41,200 --> 00:29:39,440 sort after she graduated from college 735 00:29:43,659 --> 00:29:41,210 she was a high school student at the 736 00:29:44,500 --> 00:29:43,669 time are they still doing it high school 737 00:29:46,240 --> 00:29:44,510 experiments today 738 00:29:47,740 --> 00:29:46,250 I think there's multiple different 739 00:29:50,049 --> 00:29:47,750 mechanisms for students to do 740 00:29:52,890 --> 00:29:50,059 space-based research right now part of 741 00:29:55,060 --> 00:29:52,900 that is we're leveraging our 742 00:29:56,860 --> 00:29:55,070 relationship with nanorack so we have 743 00:29:58,450 --> 00:29:56,870 commercial hardware providers that are 744 00:30:01,650 --> 00:29:58,460 actually facilitating a lot of under 745 00:30:04,630 --> 00:30:01,660 student research and we also have our 746 00:30:06,610 --> 00:30:04,640 working with ISS program right now to 747 00:30:10,299 --> 00:30:06,620 develop a program called post graduate 748 00:30:14,440 --> 00:30:10,309 Innovation Awards to allow students to 749 00:30:15,730 --> 00:30:14,450 do their thesis research and research at 750 00:30:18,520 --> 00:30:15,740 that level on the international space 751 00:30:20,230 --> 00:30:18,530 station so yes we it's a tradition we're 752 00:30:21,610 --> 00:30:20,240 carrying on and the only other comment 753 00:30:22,720 --> 00:30:21,620 I'm making about the spiders is they 754 00:30:25,850 --> 00:30:22,730 were they were able to adapt to 755 00:30:31,310 --> 00:30:25,860 microgravity without training 756 00:30:34,519 --> 00:30:31,320 that's not right all right well what 757 00:30:37,100 --> 00:30:34,529 impressed me was the way NASA treated 758 00:30:40,639 --> 00:30:37,110 the students who did these experiments 759 00:30:43,070 --> 00:30:40,649 they were treated as full pis and and 760 00:30:44,600 --> 00:30:43,080 they were they knew right off the bat 761 00:30:45,919 --> 00:30:44,610 that when they got the data back they 762 00:30:49,039 --> 00:30:45,929 were going to have to write a technical 763 00:30:50,840 --> 00:30:49,049 NASA paper and report their science so 764 00:30:52,759 --> 00:30:50,850 they were treated like adults scientists 765 00:30:55,279 --> 00:30:52,769 and I think that was a very very good 766 00:30:57,200 --> 00:30:55,289 thing to do and I hope that they can 767 00:30:59,240 --> 00:30:57,210 continue doing something like that I 768 00:31:02,600 --> 00:30:59,250 might mention that we had goldfish on 769 00:31:05,480 --> 00:31:02,610 our missions out of the car should I ask 770 00:31:06,980 --> 00:31:05,490 a couple of them were pregnant and so we 771 00:31:08,840 --> 00:31:06,990 had them in a little plastic bag you 772 00:31:11,889 --> 00:31:08,850 could hold them up and the goldfish were 773 00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:11,899 all swimming around on outside loops and 774 00:31:15,620 --> 00:31:14,010 because apparently they needed that 775 00:31:18,139 --> 00:31:15,630 gravity vector through their belly don't 776 00:31:19,820 --> 00:31:18,149 know which way to swim so they swam 777 00:31:21,830 --> 00:31:19,830 around in loops but when they Lake when 778 00:31:24,019 --> 00:31:21,840 the eggs hatched the little bitty ones 779 00:31:25,730 --> 00:31:24,029 that look like two eyes in a tail came 780 00:31:27,409 --> 00:31:25,740 out and they looked at their parents 781 00:31:29,360 --> 00:31:27,419 going like that and couldn't figure out 782 00:31:32,570 --> 00:31:29,370 because they they were perfectly at home 783 00:31:35,240 --> 00:31:32,580 in their new environment they didn't had 784 00:31:36,289 --> 00:31:35,250 to learn any bad habits and so they were 785 00:31:44,889 --> 00:31:36,299 very comfortable in a weightless 786 00:31:48,019 --> 00:31:44,899 environment testing Frank for our two 787 00:31:50,899 --> 00:31:48,029 station commanders commander Cara I was 788 00:31:53,750 --> 00:31:50,909 interested in your remarks about lessons 789 00:31:54,919 --> 00:31:53,760 learned for crew productivity I wonder 790 00:31:57,259 --> 00:31:54,929 if you could give us a few first 791 00:31:59,480 --> 00:31:57,269 principles that didn't work and that 792 00:32:02,000 --> 00:31:59,490 you've figured out a better way to do it 793 00:32:06,080 --> 00:32:02,010 that to your knowledge have been passed 794 00:32:09,409 --> 00:32:06,090 on to ISS crews and for Kevin Ford I'd 795 00:32:12,110 --> 00:32:09,419 like to ask you if the crew on the space 796 00:32:13,310 --> 00:32:12,120 station today is maxed out or if there 797 00:32:15,080 --> 00:32:13,320 are ways that you can get more 798 00:32:16,970 --> 00:32:15,090 productivity out of the crew size that 799 00:32:18,289 --> 00:32:16,980 we have now and perhaps with some help 800 00:32:22,580 --> 00:32:18,299 from Russians or maybe even another 801 00:32:25,060 --> 00:32:22,590 crewman okay well on Skylab we started 802 00:32:29,029 --> 00:32:25,070 the mission with a tacit agreement to 803 00:32:32,149 --> 00:32:29,039 pick up the pace that was being run by 804 00:32:34,580 --> 00:32:32,159 the crew that was ahead of us and that 805 00:32:36,019 --> 00:32:34,590 was a bad decision because we fail to 806 00:32:37,669 --> 00:32:36,029 take into account that you need a 807 00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:37,679 certain amount of time to accommodate to 808 00:32:40,530 --> 00:32:39,010 your new environment 809 00:32:42,630 --> 00:32:40,540 and so we spent a good chunk of the 810 00:32:44,549 --> 00:32:42,640 mission running behind and making 811 00:32:48,150 --> 00:32:44,559 mistakes because we were being so rushed 812 00:32:51,260 --> 00:32:48,160 and we finally had what I like to call 813 00:32:54,360 --> 00:32:51,270 the first sensitivity session in space 814 00:32:57,320 --> 00:32:54,370 we we agreed that we would talk about 815 00:33:01,049 --> 00:32:57,330 the problem so on one pass over the u.s. 816 00:33:03,240 --> 00:33:01,059 from Northwest to southeast we were 817 00:33:04,830 --> 00:33:03,250 invited to tell the people on the ground 818 00:33:08,460 --> 00:33:04,840 everything they were doing to make our 819 00:33:10,799 --> 00:33:08,470 life miserable and why we needed we 820 00:33:13,080 --> 00:33:10,809 needed to do something and then on the 821 00:33:15,750 --> 00:33:13,090 next pass which was if I remember Brad 822 00:33:17,580 --> 00:33:15,760 Southwest to Northeast the people on the 823 00:33:19,409 --> 00:33:17,590 ground got a chat got a whack at us and 824 00:33:21,539 --> 00:33:19,419 told us about all the things we were 825 00:33:23,940 --> 00:33:21,549 doing to screw up their schedule and 826 00:33:26,520 --> 00:33:23,950 then we finally agreed ok we both got a 827 00:33:28,020 --> 00:33:26,530 problem we've got a deal with it so we 828 00:33:31,140 --> 00:33:28,030 need to change the way we schedule 829 00:33:35,190 --> 00:33:31,150 things and the first the first part of 830 00:33:36,960 --> 00:33:35,200 the mission we had a checklist that had 831 00:33:39,720 --> 00:33:36,970 every single move we were supposed to 832 00:33:42,690 --> 00:33:39,730 make charted every we were like a bunch 833 00:33:46,770 --> 00:33:42,700 of donkeys following a carrot and that 834 00:33:48,870 --> 00:33:46,780 doesn't do much for your initiative we 835 00:33:51,480 --> 00:33:48,880 decided after this little session that 836 00:33:53,520 --> 00:33:51,490 we would put a lot of the routine stuff 837 00:33:55,860 --> 00:33:53,530 that that really didn't matter when you 838 00:33:57,419 --> 00:33:55,870 did it just that it gets done that day 839 00:34:00,600 --> 00:33:57,429 we put it in what we called a shopping 840 00:34:01,890 --> 00:34:00,610 list and each one of us got our shopping 841 00:34:03,180 --> 00:34:01,900 list every day and there were lots of 842 00:34:06,690 --> 00:34:03,190 little things on there that we had to 843 00:34:08,280 --> 00:34:06,700 get done sometime during the day and the 844 00:34:09,810 --> 00:34:08,290 only things that we're on the schedule 845 00:34:12,119 --> 00:34:09,820 were those things that were precisely 846 00:34:13,500 --> 00:34:12,129 tied to a place in the trajectory where 847 00:34:15,570 --> 00:34:13,510 we were going to be where you had to do 848 00:34:17,639 --> 00:34:15,580 it at that instant and boy did that 849 00:34:19,530 --> 00:34:17,649 loosen up the schedule and make us more 850 00:34:20,280 --> 00:34:19,540 productive our productive level went 851 00:34:25,020 --> 00:34:20,290 just like that 852 00:34:27,899 --> 00:34:25,030 almost instantly and I think that got 853 00:34:29,820 --> 00:34:27,909 passed on I know when when I was working 854 00:34:33,119 --> 00:34:29,830 with Boeing but Bill Pogue with Boeing 855 00:34:35,250 --> 00:34:33,129 we we tried to make sure that that got 856 00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:35,260 into the planning for operations on the 857 00:34:42,119 --> 00:34:37,450 international space station and on the 858 00:34:45,020 --> 00:34:42,129 shuttle and I think a lot of that got in 859 00:34:49,010 --> 00:34:45,030 there but it's just very important that 860 00:34:51,419 --> 00:34:49,020 we found that you've got to be able to 861 00:34:52,230 --> 00:34:51,429 have looseness in the schedule so that 862 00:34:54,909 --> 00:34:52,240 assert 863 00:34:57,040 --> 00:34:54,919 autonomy in the schedule to do things 864 00:35:01,120 --> 00:34:57,050 that really don't have to be done at a 865 00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:01,130 precise time I think we're still working 866 00:35:06,609 --> 00:35:04,010 working that issue first of all let me 867 00:35:09,250 --> 00:35:06,619 say I just found working in space to be 868 00:35:10,599 --> 00:35:09,260 very difficult I came from a shuttle 869 00:35:12,520 --> 00:35:10,609 flight before so I've flown two times 870 00:35:15,370 --> 00:35:12,530 first time was a shuttle flight very 871 00:35:16,839 --> 00:35:15,380 choreographed shuttle flight I have seen 872 00:35:19,329 --> 00:35:16,849 everything I was going to do in that 873 00:35:21,309 --> 00:35:19,339 flight for two weeks on the ground 874 00:35:22,599 --> 00:35:21,319 multiple times and simulations never did 875 00:35:24,940 --> 00:35:22,609 I pick up a checklist that I already 876 00:35:26,380 --> 00:35:24,950 hadn't made notes in when I worked in 877 00:35:29,500 --> 00:35:26,390 space on the space station 878 00:35:32,170 --> 00:35:29,510 from day one I was doing things that I 879 00:35:34,059 --> 00:35:32,180 had never seen before many cases you've 880 00:35:35,410 --> 00:35:34,069 never been trained on because something 881 00:35:36,520 --> 00:35:35,420 broke that they didn't think would broke 882 00:35:39,130 --> 00:35:36,530 and you're you're going to be going to 883 00:35:40,900 --> 00:35:39,140 take a look so working up there is a 884 00:35:42,700 --> 00:35:40,910 very very challenging environment so 885 00:35:44,140 --> 00:35:42,710 very hard for the ground to estimate for 886 00:35:47,140 --> 00:35:44,150 example how long something might take 887 00:35:49,630 --> 00:35:47,150 you to do we still have a system that 888 00:35:53,589 --> 00:35:49,640 that's basically a day laid out for you 889 00:35:55,270 --> 00:35:53,599 and a short-term plan and many of those 890 00:35:57,339 --> 00:35:55,280 things are tied to ground control 891 00:35:58,270 --> 00:35:57,349 because maybe a specialist will be in 892 00:36:01,960 --> 00:35:58,280 you might need 893 00:36:03,730 --> 00:36:01,970 kayuu high rate comm system to be 894 00:36:06,040 --> 00:36:03,740 available while you're doing those tasks 895 00:36:07,809 --> 00:36:06,050 and that sort of thing so so many things 896 00:36:09,839 --> 00:36:07,819 are still tied to that and and it does 897 00:36:12,910 --> 00:36:09,849 actually make for a very stressful 898 00:36:15,550 --> 00:36:12,920 system and they they now have for us 899 00:36:17,740 --> 00:36:15,560 some flexible tasks during the day so 900 00:36:19,540 --> 00:36:17,750 that if you have you've made a call to 901 00:36:21,339 --> 00:36:19,550 ground hey I have this problem and they 902 00:36:23,920 --> 00:36:21,349 can't answer the question for you for 15 903 00:36:25,599 --> 00:36:23,930 minutes well that's going to put you 15 904 00:36:27,099 --> 00:36:25,609 minutes down on your task unless you can 905 00:36:28,630 --> 00:36:27,109 go do something else and pick up another 906 00:36:30,460 --> 00:36:28,640 task and so they've added some of these 907 00:36:32,770 --> 00:36:30,470 kinds of things in for us and it really 908 00:36:34,900 --> 00:36:32,780 does one of the things that's just fun 909 00:36:37,599 --> 00:36:34,910 to do on board is to try to get ahead on 910 00:36:39,190 --> 00:36:37,609 some of those tasks to make to make your 911 00:36:40,680 --> 00:36:39,200 day end up at the end of the day so 912 00:36:44,109 --> 00:36:40,690 you've got all the work done if you can 913 00:36:46,630 --> 00:36:44,119 we've we've gotten a much better feeling 914 00:36:48,160 --> 00:36:46,640 I think now that we're up there to do 915 00:36:50,050 --> 00:36:48,170 work that the ground can't necessarily 916 00:36:52,750 --> 00:36:50,060 figure out how long it's going to take 917 00:36:54,880 --> 00:36:52,760 you to do everything you just are doing 918 00:36:56,200 --> 00:36:54,890 your own time study at the end of the 919 00:36:57,700 --> 00:36:56,210 day if you can't get everything done on 920 00:36:59,950 --> 00:36:57,710 your time line then you just call down 921 00:37:02,140 --> 00:36:59,960 and say hey it took me this long to do 922 00:37:05,109 --> 00:37:02,150 that task and they write it down for the 923 00:37:05,989 --> 00:37:05,119 next time and I echo for the first 30 924 00:37:07,339 --> 00:37:05,999 days 925 00:37:08,899 --> 00:37:07,349 you're not getting anything done on time 926 00:37:10,699 --> 00:37:08,909 I can tell you that right now it's a 927 00:37:13,789 --> 00:37:10,709 very stressful place to be just because 928 00:37:15,549 --> 00:37:13,799 just just getting things going for the 929 00:37:17,719 --> 00:37:15,559 first time finding things in stowage 930 00:37:20,209 --> 00:37:17,729 recognizing what a part looks like that 931 00:37:21,619 --> 00:37:20,219 you might use multiple times but maybe 932 00:37:23,569 --> 00:37:21,629 maybe you're not used to what it looks 933 00:37:25,339 --> 00:37:23,579 like in space and where to find it can 934 00:37:27,679 --> 00:37:25,349 make it difficult so takes a little 935 00:37:28,999 --> 00:37:27,689 while to get rolling and and we're 936 00:37:30,769 --> 00:37:29,009 working on that as the psychological 937 00:37:34,149 --> 00:37:30,779 aspect it's kind of it's going to be 938 00:37:36,829 --> 00:37:34,159 important forever in Space Flight I 939 00:37:39,319 --> 00:37:36,839 would say I was working as hard as I 940 00:37:41,899 --> 00:37:39,329 could yeah I guess that's the same thing 941 00:37:43,579 --> 00:37:41,909 huh we're gonna we're gonna take another 942 00:37:45,049 --> 00:37:43,589 quest but I use but I wouldn't ask Jason 943 00:37:46,849 --> 00:37:45,059 to follow up on that a little bit for 944 00:37:48,889 --> 00:37:46,859 those of us who don't do this as work 945 00:37:51,349 --> 00:37:48,899 how do we keep how do we keep track of 946 00:37:51,979 --> 00:37:51,359 what the astronauts are doing in there 947 00:37:53,209 --> 00:37:51,989 are there 948 00:37:55,849 --> 00:37:53,219 spreadsheets there's someone's writing 949 00:37:56,959 --> 00:37:55,859 it down they're reporting to us yeah 950 00:37:58,939 --> 00:37:56,969 there's there's actually a whole 951 00:38:00,739 --> 00:37:58,949 multitude of folks on the ground that 952 00:38:02,599 --> 00:38:00,749 are tracking all the tasks there's a 953 00:38:04,429 --> 00:38:02,609 custom software that people have written 954 00:38:06,049 --> 00:38:04,439 to manage all the tasks that are being 955 00:38:07,549 --> 00:38:06,059 done and that's one of the things 956 00:38:09,349 --> 00:38:07,559 there's procedures behind each one of 957 00:38:10,729 --> 00:38:09,359 those tasks and such so when everything 958 00:38:11,959 --> 00:38:10,739 when they're talking about how 959 00:38:13,369 --> 00:38:11,969 everything that's kind of scripted 960 00:38:15,409 --> 00:38:13,379 there's procedures that go along with it 961 00:38:17,839 --> 00:38:15,419 so when we talk about those time delays 962 00:38:19,549 --> 00:38:17,849 and things increasing not only is it 963 00:38:21,289 --> 00:38:19,559 just rescheduling what you want but then 964 00:38:23,059 --> 00:38:21,299 how do you actually rewrite procedures 965 00:38:24,589 --> 00:38:23,069 on the fly so if you look at a piece of 966 00:38:26,659 --> 00:38:24,599 equipment or an experiment that you have 967 00:38:28,069 --> 00:38:26,669 never actually interactivo before can 968 00:38:30,139 --> 00:38:28,079 you actually have the procedures 969 00:38:32,269 --> 00:38:30,149 autonomously written and rewritten based 970 00:38:35,209 --> 00:38:32,279 on whatever the outcome was that the the 971 00:38:36,349 --> 00:38:35,219 crew member saw before so it's a little 972 00:38:39,259 --> 00:38:36,359 more complex than just a simple 973 00:38:41,419 --> 00:38:39,269 spreadsheet and it reads to get even 974 00:38:43,819 --> 00:38:41,429 more autonomous so that we can we can 975 00:38:45,949 --> 00:38:43,829 maximize this these efficiencies and 976 00:38:48,469 --> 00:38:45,959 minimize the downtime and then and give 977 00:38:49,849 --> 00:38:48,479 the crew the most autonomy we can so 978 00:38:52,909 --> 00:38:49,859 that they can make the right choices to 979 00:38:55,759 --> 00:38:52,919 make the best of their day all right we 980 00:38:59,419 --> 00:38:55,769 got a question out here hello my hashtag 981 00:39:05,329 --> 00:38:59,429 is Maryland space alright I have a a 982 00:39:08,689 --> 00:39:05,339 post Skylab question for w5 lkl did you 983 00:39:10,459 --> 00:39:08,699 make it many qsos in the space and are 984 00:39:13,680 --> 00:39:10,469 you still active on a particular band 985 00:39:15,660 --> 00:39:13,690 today w5 LFL 986 00:39:17,970 --> 00:39:15,670 I'm the only one with that cosine so it 987 00:39:20,360 --> 00:39:17,980 has to be addressed to me apparently and 988 00:39:23,100 --> 00:39:20,370 no I'm not really active at the moment 989 00:39:25,200 --> 00:39:23,110 but I have been a ham for gosh ever 990 00:39:28,440 --> 00:39:25,210 since I was in high school so that's 991 00:39:33,930 --> 00:39:28,450 been 65 years at least some like that 992 00:39:36,480 --> 00:39:33,940 and so I did count up I think I probably 993 00:39:38,190 --> 00:39:36,490 had four or five hundred contacts 994 00:39:41,250 --> 00:39:38,200 separate contacts while I was in space 995 00:39:42,960 --> 00:39:41,260 on the Space Lab mission and the way 996 00:39:45,060 --> 00:39:42,970 that I did that was by having a tape 997 00:39:46,440 --> 00:39:45,070 recorder and recorded everything that 998 00:39:48,450 --> 00:39:46,450 came over the trench two-way 999 00:39:51,510 --> 00:39:48,460 transmission because there were so many 1000 00:39:53,070 --> 00:39:51,520 people calling dozens at a time and I 1001 00:39:55,110 --> 00:39:53,080 couldn't get them all written down would 1002 00:39:57,150 --> 00:39:55,120 take too long to do it anyway only after 1003 00:39:58,800 --> 00:39:57,160 coming back home did I and others then 1004 00:40:01,140 --> 00:39:58,810 go through this and pull out all of 1005 00:40:04,920 --> 00:40:01,150 those call signs that with whom I had 1006 00:40:07,140 --> 00:40:04,930 communicated and as it turns out my son 1007 00:40:09,030 --> 00:40:07,150 also got his amateur radio license 1008 00:40:10,740 --> 00:40:09,040 before he went up he did a much better 1009 00:40:13,890 --> 00:40:10,750 job than I did as a matter of fact 1010 00:40:15,870 --> 00:40:13,900 because he did record more people he 1011 00:40:17,610 --> 00:40:15,880 somehow had it organized better than I 1012 00:40:19,920 --> 00:40:17,620 did and so he ended up with more 1013 00:40:22,140 --> 00:40:19,930 contacts and did much better than I did 1014 00:40:25,200 --> 00:40:22,150 for the amateur radio community 1015 00:40:28,380 --> 00:40:25,210 otherwise known as hams and so that's 1016 00:40:30,390 --> 00:40:28,390 the perhaps the answers to the question 1017 00:40:32,850 --> 00:40:30,400 that you had now and you use this tape 1018 00:40:37,650 --> 00:40:32,860 recorder a lot I think because at some 1019 00:40:41,430 --> 00:40:37,660 point your wife on Skylab okay that that 1020 00:40:44,940 --> 00:40:41,440 is another story but I think most people 1021 00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:44,950 enjoyed the question because before we 1022 00:40:49,260 --> 00:40:47,410 launched like a month or two before we 1023 00:40:52,710 --> 00:40:49,270 launched we worked out an arrangement 1024 00:40:56,360 --> 00:40:52,720 with about three potential Capcom's Bob 1025 00:40:58,890 --> 00:40:56,370 Crippen Carl Henn eyes and third one and 1026 00:41:01,410 --> 00:40:58,900 we worked out a short script there only 1027 00:41:03,750 --> 00:41:01,420 lasts about 30 or 45 seconds as if there 1028 00:41:05,730 --> 00:41:03,760 were a female namely my wife on board 1029 00:41:08,130 --> 00:41:05,740 the spacecraft communicating with the 1030 00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:08,140 ground well only these three people knew 1031 00:41:11,940 --> 00:41:09,010 what to expect 1032 00:41:13,800 --> 00:41:11,950 and so when there was a fairly quiet 1033 00:41:15,510 --> 00:41:13,810 pass coming up I mentioned to Bob 1034 00:41:17,010 --> 00:41:15,520 Crippen who was the Capcom with the time 1035 00:41:19,860 --> 00:41:17,020 I left something for you on the next 1036 00:41:21,870 --> 00:41:19,870 pass Bob he said I'll be ready that's 1037 00:41:24,390 --> 00:41:21,880 all he knew what I was talking about and 1038 00:41:26,840 --> 00:41:24,400 so when we came around the next time I 1039 00:41:28,520 --> 00:41:26,850 simply paid played back 1040 00:41:31,340 --> 00:41:28,530 this tape recording with my wife's voice 1041 00:41:33,950 --> 00:41:31,350 on it and this dialogue which required 1042 00:41:36,380 --> 00:41:33,960 Bob Crippen the Capcom to answer a 1043 00:41:38,000 --> 00:41:36,390 certain length of sins and so when she 1044 00:41:40,010 --> 00:41:38,010 asked him a question he wasn't ready 1045 00:41:41,750 --> 00:41:40,020 with the response and this went back and 1046 00:41:44,420 --> 00:41:41,760 forth for two or three exchanges and 1047 00:41:47,950 --> 00:41:44,430 ascended as normal as can be and the 1048 00:41:51,920 --> 00:41:47,960 people in the space on the ground in the 1049 00:41:54,140 --> 00:41:51,930 in the communication center were amazed 1050 00:41:56,570 --> 00:41:54,150 he was that coming down but it's coming 1051 00:41:58,580 --> 00:41:56,580 clearly coming down at the ground one I 1052 00:41:59,720 --> 00:41:58,590 know that voice is coming from up there 1053 00:42:01,040 --> 00:41:59,730 and it's female 1054 00:42:05,120 --> 00:42:01,050 there aren't any females there I don't 1055 00:42:07,850 --> 00:42:05,130 think and so they never figured out how 1056 00:42:10,910 --> 00:42:07,860 that was done it was only about 15 or 20 1057 00:42:12,740 --> 00:42:10,920 years later at a reunion at the Johnson 1058 00:42:15,800 --> 00:42:12,750 Space Center that I finally explained it 1059 00:42:28,900 --> 00:42:15,810 to the to the controllers now was that I 1060 00:42:37,760 --> 00:42:33,020 completely in the dark we've got a 1061 00:42:42,430 --> 00:42:37,770 question up here from our audience at 1062 00:42:45,590 --> 00:42:42,440 miss Linda 22 what was the single most 1063 00:42:50,150 --> 00:42:45,600 important discovery result observed on 1064 00:42:54,650 --> 00:42:50,160 Skylab relating to the human anatomy the 1065 00:42:56,810 --> 00:42:54,660 human anatomy what's the most important 1066 00:42:59,540 --> 00:42:56,820 thing related to human anatomy I don't 1067 00:43:03,140 --> 00:42:59,550 know it probably depends on your 1068 00:43:04,880 --> 00:43:03,150 perspective what is your basic interest 1069 00:43:07,370 --> 00:43:04,890 what is your background 1070 00:43:10,910 --> 00:43:07,380 you might say that it's I know so much 1071 00:43:15,620 --> 00:43:10,920 more about adaptation physical exercise 1072 00:43:18,410 --> 00:43:15,630 or the way a food is consumed and we did 1073 00:43:19,940 --> 00:43:18,420 a lot of work on that in fact I've 1074 00:43:21,920 --> 00:43:19,950 mentioned Kevin and a couple others 1075 00:43:23,420 --> 00:43:21,930 before we had some of the best food in 1076 00:43:25,910 --> 00:43:23,430 fact the best food that's ever been 1077 00:43:28,250 --> 00:43:25,920 provided in the space program on Skylab 1078 00:43:30,800 --> 00:43:28,260 40 years ago and that's because it was 1079 00:43:33,290 --> 00:43:30,810 one of the science experiments and so we 1080 00:43:35,480 --> 00:43:33,300 had a selection of about 65 or 70 1081 00:43:38,660 --> 00:43:35,490 different kinds of food and drink that 1082 00:43:40,900 --> 00:43:38,670 we could select for our own menu 1083 00:43:43,880 --> 00:43:40,910 which recycled over six days the only 1084 00:43:47,720 --> 00:43:43,890 constraint was we had to make this list 1085 00:43:49,520 --> 00:43:47,730 one year ahead of time and so we made 1086 00:43:53,210 --> 00:43:49,530 out a list of what we wanted to make and 1087 00:43:54,890 --> 00:43:53,220 then our contractor who is horrible we 1088 00:43:56,480 --> 00:43:54,900 kind of had joked at the time about we 1089 00:43:58,040 --> 00:43:56,490 think maybe they stirred it all up in a 1090 00:44:00,650 --> 00:43:58,050 washing machine before the infected in 1091 00:44:02,150 --> 00:44:00,660 the gym in the containers but actually 1092 00:44:03,650 --> 00:44:02,160 with very good food it's the best food 1093 00:44:04,070 --> 00:44:03,660 that's ever been provided in the space 1094 00:44:07,940 --> 00:44:04,080 program 1095 00:44:10,240 --> 00:44:07,950 I believe and so that's how the food was 1096 00:44:13,910 --> 00:44:10,250 sampled I think that was one of the 1097 00:44:28,250 --> 00:44:13,920 primary things that was learned from the 1098 00:44:30,410 --> 00:44:28,260 Skylab sagen oh yes both on the Space 1099 00:44:33,740 --> 00:44:30,420 Lab as well as on Space Shuttle the 1100 00:44:36,260 --> 00:44:33,750 Space Shuttle is in space lab as well as 1101 00:44:41,510 --> 00:44:36,270 Scylla even I get these terms confusing 1102 00:44:44,720 --> 00:44:41,520 time but at the moment it's a largely 1103 00:44:47,810 --> 00:44:44,730 done by whatever costs the least now 1104 00:44:49,610 --> 00:44:47,820 when Skylab they did things that tasted 1105 00:44:51,260 --> 00:44:49,620 the best for the crew members and you 1106 00:44:55,610 --> 00:44:51,270 picked the things out that you wanted to 1107 00:44:58,580 --> 00:44:55,620 eat its integer your tastes as the 1108 00:45:03,230 --> 00:44:58,590 primary consideration so we really had 1109 00:45:05,330 --> 00:45:03,240 good food Jerry was inhibited because he 1110 00:45:07,070 --> 00:45:05,340 his flight was extended from two months 1111 00:45:09,170 --> 00:45:07,080 to three months approximately so 1112 00:45:11,180 --> 00:45:09,180 therefore he only had food packed for 1113 00:45:13,070 --> 00:45:11,190 two months on this flight and every 1114 00:45:24,050 --> 00:45:13,080 third day they had to be K rations or 1115 00:45:25,280 --> 00:45:24,060 something all the sugar cookies you know 1116 00:45:27,080 --> 00:45:25,290 a dollar bill doesn't make much 1117 00:45:27,620 --> 00:45:27,090 difference but sugar cookies that's 1118 00:45:29,720 --> 00:45:27,630 different 1119 00:45:33,200 --> 00:45:29,730 that was currency that was the currency 1120 00:45:40,280 --> 00:45:33,210 on board day Skylab that so 1121 00:45:42,410 --> 00:45:40,290 that's thanks okay this comes to us from 1122 00:45:44,420 --> 00:45:42,420 Twitter and it's how does NASA plan to 1123 00:45:45,740 --> 00:45:44,430 work with collaborators to improve the 1124 00:45:49,020 --> 00:45:45,750 International Space Station for the 1125 00:45:51,430 --> 00:45:49,030 future how do you improve it 1126 00:45:53,530 --> 00:45:51,440 the idea that can start it off I mean 1127 00:45:55,690 --> 00:45:53,540 right now I mean we're working with a 1128 00:45:57,070 --> 00:45:55,700 number of our partners our commercial 1129 00:45:59,320 --> 00:45:57,080 partners that we have onboard station 1130 00:46:00,910 --> 00:45:59,330 today you see us running experiments 1131 00:46:03,100 --> 00:46:00,920 with companies like Bigelow Aerospace 1132 00:46:05,590 --> 00:46:03,110 where we're actually flying a large 1133 00:46:06,970 --> 00:46:05,600 inflatable module large but in the in 1134 00:46:08,380 --> 00:46:06,980 that it's the first inflatable module 1135 00:46:08,920 --> 00:46:08,390 that we've flown onboard the space 1136 00:46:12,970 --> 00:46:08,930 station 1137 00:46:14,020 --> 00:46:12,980 we're making improvements to our dis 1138 00:46:16,120 --> 00:46:14,030 life-support equipment 1139 00:46:18,400 --> 00:46:16,130 clothes looping the water in order to 1140 00:46:20,770 --> 00:46:18,410 have more water supplies that Skylab had 1141 00:46:23,230 --> 00:46:20,780 the luxury of fairly large water tanks 1142 00:46:25,930 --> 00:46:23,240 and a very fairly large wastewater 1143 00:46:27,670 --> 00:46:25,940 system as well but it was all open loop 1144 00:46:29,530 --> 00:46:27,680 meetings just used once and primarily 1145 00:46:30,850 --> 00:46:29,540 thrown away at that point what we're 1146 00:46:32,440 --> 00:46:30,860 trying to do is increase that water 1147 00:46:35,470 --> 00:46:32,450 reuse that allow the crew to have more 1148 00:46:37,120 --> 00:46:35,480 water resources on their way have better 1149 00:46:39,160 --> 00:46:37,130 environmental control systems that are 1150 00:46:41,140 --> 00:46:39,170 more reliable as we're increasing the 1151 00:46:43,180 --> 00:46:41,150 reliability on station today hopefully 1152 00:46:44,380 --> 00:46:43,190 then freedom even more time for science 1153 00:46:46,780 --> 00:46:44,390 to be done instead of just maintenance 1154 00:46:49,090 --> 00:46:46,790 of the vehicle itself so we can 1155 00:46:50,440 --> 00:46:49,100 continuously doing that not just by 1156 00:46:52,930 --> 00:46:50,450 ourselves with all but with all of our 1157 00:46:55,180 --> 00:46:52,940 collaborators as well in the private 1158 00:46:58,480 --> 00:46:55,190 sector and our contractor basis to help 1159 00:47:00,220 --> 00:46:58,490 NASA along the way in terms of the 1160 00:47:02,050 --> 00:47:00,230 research that we're doing now we we 1161 00:47:03,460 --> 00:47:02,060 coordinate our research very closely 1162 00:47:05,500 --> 00:47:03,470 with our international partners so we 1163 00:47:06,820 --> 00:47:05,510 regularly meet with international 1164 00:47:09,120 --> 00:47:06,830 partners involved International Space 1165 00:47:11,950 --> 00:47:09,130 Station and and coordinate our research 1166 00:47:14,080 --> 00:47:11,960 perspectives so that we don't have 1167 00:47:16,120 --> 00:47:14,090 duplication so we do the right we're 1168 00:47:17,380 --> 00:47:16,130 doing the right research to answer the 1169 00:47:19,960 --> 00:47:17,390 questions that we need to answer to 1170 00:47:22,120 --> 00:47:19,970 extend human exploration and attempt to 1171 00:47:24,580 --> 00:47:22,130 be able to do things with like exploring 1172 00:47:25,990 --> 00:47:24,590 Mars which is really the foundation of 1173 00:47:28,540 --> 00:47:26,000 what we're using that International 1174 00:47:30,480 --> 00:47:28,550 Space Station right now for and in line 1175 00:47:33,400 --> 00:47:30,490 with that we're coordinating with our 1176 00:47:36,720 --> 00:47:33,410 Russian colleagues now and planning a 1177 00:47:39,580 --> 00:47:36,730 one-year increment so we're doing more 1178 00:47:42,100 --> 00:47:39,590 extensive studies in terms of the 1179 00:47:44,260 --> 00:47:42,110 duration of the experiments on the 1180 00:47:47,500 --> 00:47:44,270 biomedical perspective to be able to 1181 00:47:49,780 --> 00:47:47,510 enable the human exploration and it 1182 00:47:51,610 --> 00:47:49,790 needs even longer durations in the 1183 00:47:56,460 --> 00:47:51,620 future I think we've got another 1184 00:47:59,130 --> 00:47:56,470 question up here go right on ahead 1185 00:48:01,589 --> 00:47:59,140 hi my name is Ken Johnson I was 1186 00:48:08,940 --> 00:48:01,599 wondering for these fees I've been to 1187 00:48:11,250 --> 00:48:08,950 space would you go back to space and I 1188 00:48:12,859 --> 00:48:11,260 would do it again if I had a chance I've 1189 00:48:15,780 --> 00:48:12,869 been more than pleased to accept that 1190 00:48:16,950 --> 00:48:15,790 invitation however I don't think 1191 00:48:18,809 --> 00:48:16,960 anyone's going to provide that 1192 00:48:20,970 --> 00:48:18,819 invitation because there's so many other 1193 00:48:21,990 --> 00:48:20,980 more capable people now like Kevin who 1194 00:48:24,210 --> 00:48:22,000 could do a much better and more 1195 00:48:26,190 --> 00:48:24,220 extensive job so I don't expect to do it 1196 00:48:28,710 --> 00:48:26,200 expect that out an opportunity but 1197 00:48:30,780 --> 00:48:28,720 certainly just if you would if you asked 1198 00:48:32,400 --> 00:48:30,790 what I like to go back or would would I 1199 00:48:38,609 --> 00:48:32,410 do it the answer would certainly be yes 1200 00:48:41,760 --> 00:48:38,619 I'd go but my wife won't let me I would 1201 00:48:44,609 --> 00:48:41,770 hop right back on the when you finally 1202 00:48:46,559 --> 00:48:44,619 walk to the rocket and climb in it's 1203 00:48:50,130 --> 00:48:46,569 it's one of the most amazing feelings 1204 00:48:51,870 --> 00:48:50,140 because the kind of the price you pay to 1205 00:48:54,750 --> 00:48:51,880 get there is the the long and arduous 1206 00:48:56,730 --> 00:48:54,760 training track to get there and it's 1207 00:48:59,099 --> 00:48:56,740 really it's really nice to know you have 1208 00:49:00,480 --> 00:48:59,109 a rocket seat with your name on it then 1209 00:49:02,550 --> 00:49:00,490 that you get a chance to get out there 1210 00:49:04,290 --> 00:49:02,560 and fly up there we all we all know what 1211 00:49:06,059 --> 00:49:04,300 a privilege it as a course in that we 1212 00:49:08,579 --> 00:49:06,069 love being there when we're there I can 1213 00:49:10,530 --> 00:49:08,589 say when I came home after 144 days I 1214 00:49:14,099 --> 00:49:10,540 was really really kind of happy to come 1215 00:49:15,750 --> 00:49:14,109 home again and be out in open space and 1216 00:49:17,280 --> 00:49:15,760 feel the breeze in my face and even walk 1217 00:49:20,190 --> 00:49:17,290 in the rain and those sorts of things so 1218 00:49:22,109 --> 00:49:20,200 I think most of us are made for earth 1219 00:49:24,390 --> 00:49:22,119 and we really love Earth a lot but we 1220 00:49:26,790 --> 00:49:24,400 really like that magic place that space 1221 00:49:28,890 --> 00:49:26,800 also so we'd love to see a lot more 1222 00:49:30,720 --> 00:49:28,900 people get to go someday and I would I 1223 00:49:32,390 --> 00:49:30,730 would certainly go back again it's a 1224 00:49:35,790 --> 00:49:32,400 long ways back though it's probably 1225 00:49:36,960 --> 00:49:35,800 probably never so very funny 1226 00:49:38,460 --> 00:49:36,970 well guys we could keep this 1227 00:49:40,230 --> 00:49:38,470 conversation I think right we could keep 1228 00:49:42,210 --> 00:49:40,240 this going for a few more hours or a 1229 00:49:43,800 --> 00:49:42,220 couple days but we do have something 1230 00:49:46,650 --> 00:49:43,810 that I think Kevin has a presentation 1231 00:49:48,359 --> 00:49:46,660 that he would like to thank you to our 1232 00:49:50,339 --> 00:49:48,369 to our fantastic 1233 00:49:54,569 --> 00:49:50,349 Skylab crew that's a little bit's okay 1234 00:49:56,190 --> 00:49:54,579 well clearly when these guys went to 1235 00:49:59,520 --> 00:49:56,200 that final frontier to stay for a long 1236 00:50:01,950 --> 00:49:59,530 time they did it as the first one the 1237 00:50:03,690 --> 00:50:01,960 ones who are entering the unknown and to 1238 00:50:06,359 --> 00:50:03,700 see what it was going to be like and set 1239 00:50:07,710 --> 00:50:06,369 the stage for us and so it's a pleasure 1240 00:50:09,120 --> 00:50:07,720 for me to be here on the 40th 1241 00:50:11,609 --> 00:50:09,130 anniversary with you guys in 1242 00:50:14,609 --> 00:50:11,619 meet you both so it's a very big honor 1243 00:50:17,460 --> 00:50:14,619 and on behalf of NASA I'm given the 1244 00:50:19,440 --> 00:50:17,470 privilege of presenting you these and 1245 00:50:21,839 --> 00:50:19,450 remembrance let's see if I got it yes 1246 00:50:23,789 --> 00:50:21,849 that one's for you Owen and maybe you 1247 00:50:44,450 --> 00:50:23,799 can hold those up and then for perjury 1248 00:50:49,019 --> 00:50:46,440 they've learned how to make it easier 1249 00:50:51,120 --> 00:50:49,029 for us thanks to you we've got a few 1250 00:50:53,730 --> 00:50:51,130 more minutes and I wanted to first turn 1251 00:50:56,190 --> 00:50:53,740 to Owen into Jerry to to give us some 1252 00:50:57,839 --> 00:50:56,200 some last thoughts about wait wait what 1253 00:50:59,789 --> 00:50:57,849 you want this audience and the audience 1254 00:51:02,720 --> 00:50:59,799 watching on NASA TV to be left with what 1255 00:51:09,180 --> 00:51:02,730 should we remember about Scylla 1256 00:51:10,890 --> 00:51:09,190 mmm-hmm first well I guess what I would 1257 00:51:12,450 --> 00:51:10,900 ask you to remember is that we may have 1258 00:51:14,759 --> 00:51:12,460 done it first but these guys are doing 1259 00:51:16,289 --> 00:51:14,769 it better and that people need to 1260 00:51:18,809 --> 00:51:16,299 continue to do it better and better 1261 00:51:21,749 --> 00:51:18,819 because we learn more and more as we do 1262 00:51:23,450 --> 00:51:21,759 this thing and we just took the first 1263 00:51:26,279 --> 00:51:23,460 step and the rest of the steps are 1264 00:51:30,210 --> 00:51:26,289 having have been taken and are being 1265 00:51:30,990 --> 00:51:30,220 taken right now I think NASA is headed 1266 00:51:33,660 --> 00:51:31,000 in the right direction 1267 00:51:35,670 --> 00:51:33,670 you know we've very recently had a 1268 00:51:38,420 --> 00:51:35,680 description of how we might go beyond 1269 00:51:41,339 --> 00:51:38,430 the earth-moon system and begin to find 1270 00:51:43,769 --> 00:51:41,349 meteoroids or asteroids in space and 1271 00:51:45,690 --> 00:51:43,779 bring those back to the earth lunar 1272 00:51:47,069 --> 00:51:45,700 environment and make a use of an 1273 00:51:49,349 --> 00:51:47,079 advantage of that for several different 1274 00:51:52,170 --> 00:51:49,359 purposes I think that's a great concept 1275 00:51:55,319 --> 00:51:52,180 and I think that it's one that if we're 1276 00:51:57,059 --> 00:51:55,329 NASA is allowed to continue and persist 1277 00:51:58,799 --> 00:51:57,069 in this direction and with the proper 1278 00:52:00,749 --> 00:51:58,809 funding to do it then NASA will continue 1279 00:52:02,640 --> 00:52:00,759 to be as successful as they have been 1280 00:52:04,650 --> 00:52:02,650 all the way from Skylab shuttle and 1281 00:52:06,930 --> 00:52:04,660 Space Station as well so I've been very 1282 00:52:11,099 --> 00:52:06,940 encouraged by these new directions that 1283 00:52:13,319 --> 00:52:11,109 that nASA has appointed to the agency 1284 00:52:17,099 --> 00:52:13,329 and and I'm looking forward I hope I'm 1285 00:52:19,410 --> 00:52:17,109 around for another 15 or 20 years to see 1286 00:52:21,269 --> 00:52:19,420 to see some of these things develop for 1287 00:52:22,510 --> 00:52:21,279 Jason and Marshall kind of the same 1288 00:52:24,070 --> 00:52:22,520 question but what can we 1289 00:52:26,110 --> 00:52:24,080 leave our great audience here and the 1290 00:52:27,400 --> 00:52:26,120 folks watching about about where it what 1291 00:52:28,480 --> 00:52:27,410 we're learning from what we've learned 1292 00:52:30,190 --> 00:52:28,490 from Skylab what we're learning on 1293 00:52:32,380 --> 00:52:30,200 station how it's going to take us to 1294 00:52:33,760 --> 00:52:32,390 even further destinations it's great to 1295 00:52:35,740 --> 00:52:33,770 see that kind of the beginnings of 1296 00:52:37,570 --> 00:52:35,750 long-term spaceflight on the 40th 1297 00:52:38,830 --> 00:52:37,580 anniversary remembering that but we're 1298 00:52:40,780 --> 00:52:38,840 going to go further and further into 1299 00:52:42,310 --> 00:52:40,790 space and how do we go those longer and 1300 00:52:44,740 --> 00:52:42,320 longer durations how do we build those 1301 00:52:46,600 --> 00:52:44,750 systems how do we how do we find the 1302 00:52:48,880 --> 00:52:46,610 crew members they can actually fly these 1303 00:52:50,890 --> 00:52:48,890 long-duration missions and train them to 1304 00:52:52,480 --> 00:52:50,900 be it folks that are in the audience the 1305 00:52:53,650 --> 00:52:52,490 students listening and such those are 1306 00:52:55,510 --> 00:52:53,660 the folks who helped build these systems 1307 00:52:57,490 --> 00:52:55,520 they're the folks that will be going on 1308 00:52:58,930 --> 00:52:57,500 that so we need all them to help us 1309 00:53:01,150 --> 00:52:58,940 build these systems and come along with 1310 00:53:02,920 --> 00:53:01,160 us so I think it's really important as 1311 00:53:04,360 --> 00:53:02,930 we go further and further it's not about 1312 00:53:06,370 --> 00:53:04,370 the destination it's always about what's 1313 00:53:08,620 --> 00:53:06,380 the next destination and as soon as we 1314 00:53:10,420 --> 00:53:08,630 want to go to point X or stay in space 1315 00:53:11,500 --> 00:53:10,430 for a certain long period of time the 1316 00:53:14,230 --> 00:53:11,510 next thing we want to do is go longer 1317 00:53:16,420 --> 00:53:14,240 and go further so it's always important 1318 00:53:21,220 --> 00:53:16,430 to keep on keep on pushing further into 1319 00:53:23,350 --> 00:53:21,230 the for exploration yesterday I received 1320 00:53:24,220 --> 00:53:23,360 an email with a picture of a 1321 00:53:25,630 --> 00:53:24,230 one-year-old 1322 00:53:28,570 --> 00:53:25,640 little girl who happens to be my 1323 00:53:31,840 --> 00:53:28,580 granddaughter sent to me by Richards 1324 00:53:33,960 --> 00:53:31,850 wife and the common daughter was I could 1325 00:53:39,220 --> 00:53:33,970 see she was in her NASA flight suit and 1326 00:53:43,570 --> 00:53:39,230 they say her next flight or for her 1327 00:53:45,820 --> 00:53:43,580 first flight will this suit and her 1328 00:53:47,650 --> 00:53:45,830 background fitting be adequate and so 1329 00:53:49,600 --> 00:53:47,660 I'm already very pleased to see that 1330 00:53:51,310 --> 00:53:49,610 some very young people are either 1331 00:53:53,200 --> 00:53:51,320 thinking about it themselves or their 1332 00:53:55,120 --> 00:53:53,210 parents are thinking about what they 1333 00:53:57,820 --> 00:53:55,130 will do for the third generation and so 1334 00:54:00,280 --> 00:53:57,830 I think that there is a good opportunity 1335 00:54:01,930 --> 00:54:00,290 for these very young people to come 1336 00:54:04,150 --> 00:54:01,940 along when we begin to think about the 1337 00:54:07,540 --> 00:54:04,160 rest of the solar system and think about 1338 00:54:08,080 --> 00:54:07,550 Mars and moons of Mars well our time has 1339 00:54:09,940 --> 00:54:08,090 come 1340 00:54:10,990 --> 00:54:09,950 took clothes I hate that because again I 1341 00:54:13,030 --> 00:54:11,000 could keep this conversation going 1342 00:54:15,460 --> 00:54:13,040 forever and ever but it doesn't have to 1343 00:54:18,340 --> 00:54:15,470 end here keep following us on Google+ on 1344 00:54:19,630 --> 00:54:18,350 Facebook and on Twitter at NASA we want 1345 00:54:20,110 --> 00:54:19,640 to hear your questions and hear from you 1346 00:54:21,970 --> 00:54:20,120 again 1347 00:54:24,100 --> 00:54:21,980 Owen and Jerry thank you I mean this is 1348 00:54:26,860 --> 00:54:24,110 an amazing the legacy of Skylab is 1349 00:54:29,170 --> 00:54:26,870 obviously a huge impact not only on us 1350 00:54:31,900 --> 00:54:29,180 but but on the entire world and Kevin 1351 00:54:33,910 --> 00:54:31,910 thank you and your colleagues for for 1352 00:54:36,180 --> 00:54:33,920 all of that and to Marshall and Jason 1353 00:54:38,460 --> 00:54:36,190 for keep pushing us further 1354 00:54:40,859 --> 00:54:38,470 and on behalf of the whole team here at 1355 00:54:43,050 --> 00:54:40,869 NASA I want to thank you all and we'll 1356 00:54:45,540 --> 00:54:43,060 see you all soon thanks a lot and we 1357 00:54:47,160 --> 00:54:45,550 want you to stay tuned to NASA TV for 1358 00:54:50,579 --> 00:54:47,170 coverage of hatch opening of expedition 1359 00:54:52,740 --> 00:54:50,589 35 and the return of Tom Mashburn Roman